APUSH

Isolationism (early 20th century)

advocated non-involvement in European and Asian conflicts and non-entanglement in international politics. took measures to avoid political and military conflicts across the oceans

What was significance of the Treaty of Paris?

confirmed American independencthe new natione and set the boundaries of the new nation

Collective Security (early 20th century)

collective security instead relies on the "imbalance of power" that would be amassed by all member states against any aggressor (ex. League of Nations, United Nations)

Internationalism (early 20th century)

a growing movement to promote cooperation between nations, often with the goal of preventing war through diplomacy, trade, and shared institutions with a strong emphasis on ideas like global citizenship and shared values

Imperialism (early 20th century)

intense colonial expansion by European powers, the United States, and Japan, countries aggressively acquired overseas territories, exploited their resources and exerted political control, fueled by economic desires for new markets and raw materials, as well as a sense of cultural superiority

Impact of the Industrial Revolution on U.S. foreign policy

increased economic power and need to secure overseas markets for its industrial output, lead to a focus on acquiring new territories and protecting existing trade routes through military presence and diplomacy

Annexation Hawaii and the Philippines

desire for commercial opportunities in Asia, concern that the Filipinos were incapable of self-rule, and fear that if the United States did not take control of the islands, another power, like Germany or Japan, might do so

Spanish-American War

a conflict between the United States and Spain in 1898, the war ended Spanish colonial rule in the Americas and established the U.S. as a world power.

U.S.S. Maine

United States Navy ship that sank in Havana Harbor on 15 February 1898, contributing to the outbreak of the Spanish-American War in April

Teller Amendment

allows the United States the right to use military or naval force to help Cuba gain its independence

Platt Amendment

allows the United States the right to use military or naval force to help Cuba gain its independence

Teddy Roosevelt

Theodore Roosevelt Jr., also known as Teddy or T. R., was the 26th president of the United States, serving from 1901 to 1909. Roosevelt previously was involved in New York politics, including serving as the state's 33rd governor for two years.

"Big Stick Diplomacy"

The policy held by Teddy Roosevelt in foreign affairs. The "big stick" symbolizes his power and readiness to use military force if necessary. It is a way of intimidating countries without actually harming them.

Roosevelt Corollary

Roosevelt's 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States has the right to protect its economic interests in South And Central America by using military force

Open Door Policy in China

A policy proposed by the US in 1899, under which ALL nations would have equal opportunities to trade in China.

populism

the political doctrine that supports the rights and powers of the common people in their struggle with the privileged elite

Populist Platform

8 hour work day, graduated income tax, RRs to return land not used to build RRs so farmers could get cheap under Homestead Act, silver, government ownership of RR/telephone/telegraph, farm warehouses, direct election of senators

Election of 1896

Republican William McKinley defeated Democratic-Populist "Popocrat" William Jennings Bryan. 1st election in 24 years than Republicans won a majority of the popular vote. McKinley won promoting the gold standard, pluralism, and industrial growth.

Goals, Features, and Objectives of Progressivism

interested in establishing a more transparent and accountable government which would work to improve U.S. society. These reformers favored such policies as civil service reform, food safety laws, and increased political rights for women and U.S. workers.

role of muckrakers in progressive era reform

acting as investigative journalists who exposed widespread corruption in big business and government, bringing these issues to public attention and pushing for social reforms through their writings, ultimately influencing legislation and contributing significantly to the progressive movement.

Progressive aims and accomplishments at state and local level

direct primaries, campaign finance, civil service, anti-lobbying laws, state income and inheritance taxes, child labor restrictions, pure food, and workmen's compensation laws

role of women in progessivism

Women became leaders in a range of social and political movements from 1890 through 1920

Sherman anti-trust

First federal action against monopolies, it was signed into law by Harrison and was extensively used by Theodore Roosevelt for trust-busting. However, it was initially misused against labor unions

16th amendment

Allows the federal government to collect income tax

17th amendment

Direct election of senators

18th amendment

Prohibited the manufacture, sale, and distribution of alcoholic beverages

19th amendment

Gave women the right to vote

Election of 1912

Presidential campaign involving Taft, T. Roosevelt, and Woodrow Wilson. Taft and Roosevelt split the Republican vote, enabling Wilson to win

Roosevelt's New Nationalism

In a 1910 speech, Theodore Roosevelt called for a "New Nationalism" that promoted government intervention to enhance public welfare, including a federal child labor law, more recognition of labor rights, a national minimum wage for women, women's suffrage, and curbs on the power of federal courts to stop reform.

Wilson's New Freedom

Woodrow Wilson's domestic policy that, promoted antitrust modification, tariff revision, and reform in banking and currency matters.

Long Term causes of the great depression

1) Poor Economic Diversification, 2) Uneven Wealth Distribution, 3) Unstable Domestic Credit Structure, 4) Unstable International Credit Structure, 5) American Protective Tariffs.

Causes and consequences of the stock market crash

overinflated shares, growing bank loans, agricultural overproduction, panic selling, stocks purchased on margin, higher interest rates, and a negative media industry

Herbert Hoover's personal philosophy and response to the Great Depression

emphasized the idea that individuals should overcome challenges through their own hard work and initiative, little government interference

Franklin Roosevelt's personal philosophy and "New Deal" response to the Great Depression

he introduced the "First New Deal", which focused on the "3 R's": relief for the unemployed and for the poor, recovery of the economy back to normal levels, and reform of the financial system to prevent a repeat depression

Opposition to FDR's New Deal

fear that the expanding federal bureaucracy limited personal economic freedom and autonomy

Long term causes of WW1 in Europe

militarism, alliances, imperialism, nationalism (M.A.I.N.)

Early impact of WW1 on America

shift from isolationism to a growing involvement in the global conflict, leading to a major economic boom due to war production

Events surrounding U.S. entry into WW1

Zimmerman Telegram - Germany would provide military and financial support to Mexico and they would regain Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona

War Industries Board - U.S. domestic mobilization effort

coordinate the purchase of war supplies between the War Department and the Navy Department

Food Administration - U.S. domestic mobilization effort

encouraging Americans to conserve food and buy locally

Committee on Public Information - U.S. domestic mobilization effort

an independent agency of the U.S. government created to influence public opinion to support the US in World War I

Financing the War - U.S. domestic mobilization effort

increased taxes and borrowing, through the sale of massive amounts of war bonds

Suspension of civil liberties (Espionage and Sedition Acts)

made it a crime to convey information intended to interfere with the war effort, imposed harsh penalties for a wide range of dissenting speech

Wilson's 14 Points

a statement of principles for peace that was to be used for peace negotiations in order to end World War I

Senate battle for ratification of the treaty of Versailles

they didn't want to lose their right to declare war, so they only passed it without joining the League of Nations

Post WW1 Disillusionment and the red scare

a perceived threat from the American labor movement, anarchist revolution, and political radicalism that followed revolutionary socialist movements

Economic boom and patterns of economic growth in the 1920s

the roaring 20s - mass production of consumer goods like automobiles, widespread access to electricity, and a surge in construction

Modern values and traditional backlash

refers to the tension that arises when new, progressive ideas clash with established, long-held beliefs, often causing a resistance or push back from those who are threatened by the change

changing role of women

women became more involved in the work force. flappers wore shorter dresses and partied until they got married and settled down

Harlem Renaissance

The Harlem Renaissance was a period of rich cross-disciplinary artistic and cultural activity among African Americans following the great migration

Dictators of WW2

Adolf Hitler (Germany), Benito Mussolini (Italy), Emperor Hirohito (Japan)

European Theater

stretched across the entire continent, from the Atlantic Ocean to the Ural Mountains

Pacific Theater

deadliest theater including the pacific islands

United States on the Home Front during WW2

widespread rationing of food, gas, and other goods, a massive mobilization of women into the workforce to fill jobs left by enlisted men, a strong focus on recycling materials vital to the war effort, all while maintaining a strong sense of patriotism and support for the troops overseas

Women in the war/workforce

"Rosie the Riveter" taking on jobs in factories, serving as military nurses, and performing various roles in the armed forces, including clerical work, mechanics, pilots, and radio operators

Development and use of the atomic bomb during WW1

Manhattan Project - a top-secret World War II program to develop the first atomic bombs. Dropped 2 on Hiroshima and Nagasaki Japan

Isolationism

A national policy of avoiding involvement in world affairs

Collective Security

the cooperation of several countries in an alliance to strengthen the security of each. (ex. League of Nations)

Internationalism

A national policy of actively trading with foreign countries to foster peace and prosperity

Imperialism

A policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries poitically, socially, and economically.

Monroe Doctrine

A statement of foreign policy which proclaimed that Europe should not interfere in affairs within the United States or in the development of other countries in the Western Hemisphere.

The Influence of Sea Power Upon History

an influential treatise on naval warfare written in 1890 by Alfred Thayer Mahan. It details the role of sea power throughout history and discusses the various factors needed to support a strong navy.

Annexation of Hawaii

U.S. wanted Hawaii for business and so Hawaiian sugar could be sold in the U.S. duty free, Queen Liliuokalani opposed so Sanford B. Dole overthrew her in 1893, William McKinley convinced Congress to annex Hawaii in 1898

Spanish-American War

In 1898, a conflict between the United States and Spain, in which the U.S. supported the Cubans' fight for independence

U.S.S. Maine

U.S. Battleship that exploded in Havana Harbor in 1898; Evidence suggests an internal explosion, however Spanish military was framed by Yellow Journalism; The incident was a catalyst for the Spanish American War

Treaty of Paris

agreement signed by British and American leaders that stated the United States of America was a free and independent contry

Annexation of Philippines

when the U.S took over the Philippines as a result of victory in the Spanish American War, provided U.S with a superb naval base in the Pacific and a way to station for trade with China

Teller Amendment

Legislation that promised the US would not annex Cuba after winning the Spanish-American war

Platt Amendment

Legislation that severely restricted Cuba's sovereignty and gave the US the right to intervene if Cuba got into trouble

"White Man's Burden"

idea that many European countries had a duty to spread their religion and culture to those less civilized

Insular Cases

These were court cases dealing with islands/countries that had been recently annexed and demanded the rights of a citizen. These Supreme Court cases decided that the Constitution did not always follow the flag, thus denying the rights of a citizen to Puerto Ricans and Filipinos.

Big-Stick Diplomacy

The policy held by Teddy Roosevelt in foreign affairs. The "big stick" symbolizes his power and readiness to use military force if necessary. It is a way of intimidating countries without actually harming them.

Roosevelt Corollary

Addition to the Monroe Doctrine asserting America's right to intervene in Latin American affairs

Panama Canal

a ship canal 40 miles long across the Isthmus of Panama built by the United States (1904-1914)

Populists

A party made up of farmers and laborers that wanted direct election of senators and an 8hr working day

Election of 1896

Republican William McKinley defeated Democratic-Populist "Popocrat" William Jennings Bryan. 1st election in 24 years than Republicans won a majority of the popular vote. McKinley won promoting the gold standard, pluralism, and industrial growth.

Progressive Era

time at the turn of the 20th century in which groups sought to reform America economically, socially, and politically

Muckrakers

Journalists who attempted to find corruption or wrongdoing in industries and expose it to the public

Jacob Riis

Early 1900's muckraker who exposed social and political evils in the U.S. with his novel "How The Other Half Lives"; exposed the poor conditions of the poor tenements in NYC and Hell's Kitchen

Lincoln Steffens

United States journalist who exposes in 1906 started an era of muckraking journalism (1866-1936), Writing for McClure's Magazine, he criticized the trend of urbanization with a series of articles under the title Shame of the Cities.

Ida Tarbell

A leading muckraker and magazine editor, she exposed the corruption of the oil industry with her 1904 work A History of Standard Oil.

Upton Sinclair

muckraker who shocked the nation when he published The Jungle, a novel that revealed gruesome details about the meat packing industry in Chicago. The book was fiction but based on the things Sinclair had seen.

The Jungle

Upton Sinclair's novel that inspired pro-consumer federal laws regulating meat, food, and drugs

Pure Food and Drug Act

Wiley act, 1906, first federal law to protect health and safety Aimed to prevent the sale of misbranded or altered food.

meat inspection act

FMIA, 1906. US law that established federal inspection of meatpacking facilities and ensured the sanitary processing and slaughter of meat

Settlement homes

Community centers in slums that help immigrants; run by college-educated women

Jane Addams

the founder of Hull House, which provided English lessons for immigrants, daycares, and child care classes

Hull House (1889)

the Chicago settlement house for immigrants founded by Jane Addams

National Consumers League

formed in the 1890's under the leadership of Florence Kelly, attempted to mobilize the power of women as consumers to force retailers and manufacturing to improve wages and working conditions.

Sherman Antitrust Act (1890)

First federal action against monopolies, it was signed into law by Harrison and was extensively used by Theodore Roosevelt for trust-busting. However, it was initially misused against labor unions

Teddy Roosevelt

26th President, from 1901-1909, passed two acts that purified meat, took over in 1901 when McKinley was shot, Went after trusts, formed the "Bull Moose Party", wanted to build the Panama canal, and make our Navy ( military stronger )

Northern Securities Case

Roosevelt's legal attack on the Northern Securities Company, which was a railroad holding company owned by James Hill and J.P. Morgan. In the end, the company was "trust-busted" and paved the way for future trust-busts of bad trusts.

William Taft (1909-1913)

Republican. Was elected president by Roosevelt because they were good friends. Than was defeated when he tried to be relected.

16th Amendment (1913)

Congress is given the power to tax incomes (income tax)

17th Amendment

Passed in 1913, this amendment to the Constitution calls for the direct election of senators by the voters instead of their election by state legislatures.

Election of 1912

Presidential campaign involving Taft, T. Roosevelt, and Woodrow Wilson. Taft and Roosevelt split the Republican vote, enabling Wilson to win

Roosevelt New Nationalism

He favored laws to protect women and children in the labor force. He also supported workers compensation for those injured on the job.

Wilson's "New Freedom"

Platform of 1912. Called for regulating banks and businesses and lowering tariffs

Nationalism

A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country

Militarism

A policy of glorifying military power and keeping a standing army always prepared for war

Alliances

agreements between nations to aid and protect one another

Assasination of Archduke Ferdinand

the Black Hand tried to assasinate this person but failed when one of their youngest members managed to complete the task. This made Austria mad and they gave Serbia an ultimatum with demands that were ridiculous. Led to start of WWI

Central Powers

Austria-Hungary, Germany, Ottoman Empire

Allied Powers (WWI)

Britain, France, Russia, Italy and the United States

Wilson's neutrality

1914 speech, urged Americans to be "impartial in thought as well as action"

Unrestricted Submarine Warfare

A policy that the Germans announced on January 1917 which stated that their submarines would sink any ship in the British waters

"Strict accountability note"

1915, warned Germany that US would hold them accountable for loss of life or property on the seas

Sinking of the Lusitania

Cruise ship that was sunk by German submarines and helped bring the US closer to involvement in WWI

Sussex Pledge

A promise Germany made to America, after Wilson threatened to sever ties, to stop sinking their ships without warning.

Zimmerman Note

1917 - Germany sent this to Mexico instructing an ambassador to convince Mexico to go to war with the U.S. It was intercepted and caused the U.S. to mobilized against Germany, which had proven it was hostile

Trench Warfare

A form of warfare in which opposing armies fight each other from trenches dug in the battlefield.

War Industries Board (WIB)

The federal agency that reorganized industry for maximum efficiency and productivity during WWI

Food Administration

Created by Wilson during WWI - Led by Herbert Hoover - set up ration system to save food for soldiers

Committee on Public Information

It was headed by George Creel. The purpose of this committee was to mobilize people's minds for war, both in America and abroad. Tried to get the entire U.S. public to support U.S. involvement in WWI. Creel's organization, employed some 150,000 workers at home and oversees. He proved that words were indeed weapons.

Liberty Bonds

sold to American people to raise money for the war efforts

Espionage Act of 1917

United States federal law passed shortly after entering World War I, on June 15, 1917, which made it a crime for a person to convey information with intent to interfere with the operation or success of the armed forces of the United States or to promote the success of its enemies. The legislation was passed at the urging of President Woodrow Wilson, who feared any widespread dissent in time of war, thinking that it constituted a real threat to an American victory.

Sedition Act of 1918

made it illegal for americans to speak disloyaly about the US government, constitution, or flag

Treaty of Versailles

Treaty that ended WW I. It blamed Germany for WW I and handed down harsh punishment.

Paris Peace Conference

1919, meeting of the Allies at the end of WWI, concluded with Treaty of Versailles

Wilson's 14 Points

Woodrow Wilson's plan for post-war peace: no secret treaties; freedom of the seas; removal of economic barriers; reduction of arms; adjust colonial claims

"Guilt Clause" - Treaty of Versailles

Germany had to accept blame for the war and pay reparations for the cost of war.

Reparations

As part of the Treaty of Versailles, Germany was ordered to pay fines to the Allies to repay the costs of the war. Opposed by the U.S., it quickly lead to a severe depression in Germany.

Irreconcilables/Reservationists

Isolationist senators who opposed the Treaty of Versailles and its attempt of ending World War I and also did not like the League of Nations

Red Scare (1919-1920)

A brief wave of fear over the possible influence of Socialists/Bolsheviks in American life.

Red Summer of 1919

Used to describe the bloody race riots that occurred during the summer and autumn of 1919. Race riots erupted in several cities in both the North and South of the United States. The three with the highest number of fatalities happened in Chicago, Washington, D.C. and Elaine, Arkansas.

"Return to Normalcy" (1920s)

President Harding's proposal to bring America back to how things were before the war.

Jazz Age

Name for the 1920s, because of the popularity of jazz-a new type of American music that combined African rhythms, blues, and ragtime

New Morality

came forth during the 1920s, turning people away from traditional values. Glorified weath and personal freedom.

Flappers

Young women of the 1920s that behaved and dressed in a radical fashion

Cult if domesticity

societal ideal that emphasized a woman's role as a mother and wife confined to the primary sphere of the home

cult of individualism

Emphasized the individual and their rights to independence and self fulfillment

18th Amendment

Prohibited the manufacture, sale, and distribution of alcoholic beverages

Volstead Act (1919)

This law that established a Prohibition Bureau within the Treasury Department was under budgeted and largely ineffective, especially in strongly anti-prohibition states

20th Amendment

Congress begins on January 30th; President starts on January 20th
"Lame-duck" Amendment

19th Amendment (1920)

Ratified on August 18, 1920 (drafted by Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton), prohibits any United States citizen from being denied the right to vote on the basis of sex. The Constitution allows the states to determine the qualifications for voting, and until the 1910's most states disenfranchised women. The amendment was the culmination of the women's suffrage movement in the U.S.

birth control

Any method used to reduce births, including celibacy, delayed marriage, contraception; devices or medication that prevent implantation of fertilized zygotes, and induced abortions

The new negro

a term popularized during the Harlem Renaissance implying a more outspoken advocacy of dignity and a refusal to submit quietly to the practices and laws of Jim Crow racial segregation.

The great migration

movement of over 300,000 African American from the rural south into Northern cities between 1914 and 1920

Harlem Renaissance

A period in the 1920s when African-American achievements in art and music and literature flourished

Consumerism

a movement advocating greater protection of the interests of consumers

Assembly Line Production

Arrangement of workers, machines, and equipment in which the product being assembled passes consecutively from operation to operation until completed.

Mass Advertising

enables companies to reach large numbers of people with their messages

Nativism

A policy of favoring native-born individuals over foreign-born ones

National Origins Act

Very restrictive immigration legislation passed in 1924, which lowered immigration to 2 percent of each nationality as found in the 1890 census. This lowered immigration dramatically and, quite intentionally, almost eliminated immigration from Eastern and Southern Europe.

Immigration quotas 1924

Limitations on immigration that were passed by the U.S. government that established preferred immigration of those who were thought to be more "capable" and capable of success in the United States, while limited the immigration of those who were deemed "unnecessary."

Klu Klux Klan

A secret organization that used terrorist tactics in an attempt to restore white supremecy in the South after the Civil War.

Christian fundamentalist movement

literal interpretation and strict adherence to basic principles of a religion - movement swept the rural areas of the US in the 1920s

Scopes Monkey Trial

1925, the trial that pitted the teaching of Darwin's theory of evolution against teaching Bible creationism

Lost Generation

Group of writers in 1920s who shared the belief that they were lost in a greedy, materialistic world that lacked moral values and often choose to flee to Europe

Black Tuesday (October 29, 1929)

On this day the stock market boom had fell out, as millions of panicky investors ordered their brokers to sell, when there were practically no buyers to be found. After that stock prices continued to go down until they finally hit bottom.

Great Depression

the economic crisis beginning with the stock market crash in 1929 and continuing through the 1930s

Overproduction

A condition in which production of goods exceeds the demand for them

Trickle Down Economics

Hoover's strategy battling the Great Depression in which the money is given to the big corporations and eventually they will pay their workers more, and then the workers will spend their money and save the economy.

speculation

the practice of making high-risk investments with borrowed money in hopes of getting a big return

buying on margin

paying a small percentage of a stock's price as a down payment and borrowing the rest

Progressive Individualism

Hoover's mentality that people can overcome their own personal deficits on their own and shouldn't rely on anyone else to help them out

classical economics

the idea that free markets can regulate themselves

Voluntary relief ("voluntarism")

Voluntarism, in a broader sense, encompasses the idea of free, non-coerced action, while voluntary relief specifically focuses on providing aid and support to those in need

work relief

programs that gave needy people government jobs

Direct Relief

The giving of money or food by the government directly to needy people

Hawley-Smoot Tariff (1930)

Passed under President Hoover, it raised tariffs up to sixty percent which became the nation's highest protective tariff during peacetime. Hoover & Republicans hoped it would help US economy, but instead it resulted in retaliatory tariff increases against the US by other countries. It deepened depression and increased international financial chaos.

Presidential organization on unemployment relief

developed by Hoover; used to generate private contributions to aid the destitute

Emergency Relief Act

gave the President power over the banking system and set up a system by which banks would be reorganized or reopened

Bonus Expeditionary Force

Thousands of World War I veterans, who insisted on immediate payment of their bonus certificates, marched on Washington in 1932; violence ensued when President Herbert Hoover ordered their tent villages cleared.

Reconstruction Finance Corporation

Agency established in 1932 to provide emergency relief to large businesses, insurance companies, and banks.

Roosevelt's New Deal

Franklin Roosevelt's economic reform program designed to solve the problems of the Great Depression

Relief, Recovery, Reform

Three components of the New Deal. The first "R" was the effort to help the one-third of the population that was hardest hit by the depression, & included social security and unemployment insurance. The second "R" was the effort in numerous programs to restore the economy to normal health, achieved by 1937. Finally, the third "R" let government intervention stabilize the economy by balancing the interests of farmers, business and labor. There was no major anti-trust program.

Keynesian economics

Theory based on the principles of John Maynard Keynes, stating that government spending should increase during business slumps and be curbed during booms.

Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA)

The Act was the first direct-relief operation under the New Deal and was headed by Harry L. Hopkins, a New York social worker who was one of Franklin D. Roosevelt's most influential advisers. The law provided money for food and other necessities for the unemployed. Affected the people in trying to aid people feeling the effects of the depression.

Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)

A relief, recovery, and reform effort that gave 2.5 million poor citizens jobs and land. It brought cheap electric power, low-cost housing, cheap nitrates, and the restoration of eroded soil.

Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)

New Deal program that hired unemployed men to work on natural conservation projects

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)

an agency created in 1933 to insure individuals' bank accounts, protecting people against losses due to bank failures

Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)

1934 - Created to supervise stock exchanges and to punish fraud in securities trading.

Social Security Act

(FDR) 1935, guaranteed retirement payments for enrolled workers beginning at age 65; set up federal-state system of unemployment insurance and care for dependent mothers and children, the handicapped, and public health

Bank holiday

All the banks were ordered to close until new laws could be passed. An emergency banking law was rushed through Congress. The Law set up new ways for the federal government to funnel money to troubled banks It also required the Treasury Department to inspect banks before they could re-open.

Emergency Banking Relief Act

(FDR) 1933 , gave the President power over the banking system and set up a system by which banks would be reorganized or reopened., HUNDRED DAYS STARTS

FDR fireside chats

President Franklin D. Roosevelt between 1933 and 1944, 30 speeches broadcast via radio, speaking on a variety of topics from banking to unemployment to fighting fascism in Europe. Millions of people found comfort and renewed confidence in these speeches.

Agriculture Adjustment Act

payments to farmers who agreed not to grow wheat, corn, tobacco, and other crops so farm prices went up and farmers better off

US vs. Butler (1936)

It was a US Supreme Court ruling that power to regulate the agriculture belong to the State Not the federal government. It made the AAA unconstitutional.

National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA)

a law enacted in 1933 to establish codes of fair practice for industries and to promote industrial growth

Business Codes

Codes (regulations) established by the NIRA to regulate business; found to be unconstitutional

Section 7A of the National Industrial Recovery Act

Stated that workers had the right to form/join unions and bargain collectively

Public Works Administration (PWA)

New Deal agency that provided millions of jobs constructing public buildings

Schecter Poultry Corp. v. U.S.

May, 1935 - The U.S. Supreme Court declared the National Industrial Recovery Act unconstitutional. It held that Congress had improperly delegated legislative authority to the National Industrial Recovery Administration and that the federal government had exceeded its jurisdiction because Schecter was not engaged in interstate commerce.

Share the Wealth Movement

program by Huey Long; suggested seizing all private assets of $5 million & taxing 100% -national incomes over $1 million - money would be distributed to provide US w/homestead

Confiscatory taxation

Being or imposing an excessive or unreasonable tax or cost

Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA)

The Act was the first direct-relief operation under the New Deal and was headed by Harry L. Hopkins, a New York social worker who was one of Franklin D. Roosevelt's most influential advisers. The law provided money for food and other necessities for the unemployed. Affected the people in trying to aid people feeling the effects of the depression.

Emergency relief appropriations act

It gave large-scale public works program for the jobless, including the WPA

Works Progress Administration (WPA)

New Deal agency that helped create jobs for those that needed them. It created around 9 million jobs working on bridges, roads, and buildings.

Federal Writers' Project (FWP)

A New Deal program, part of the Works Progress Administration (WPA) that provided jobs for out-of-work writers, which included the collection of oral histories.

Federal Theatre Project (FTP)

A nationwide effort representing the first time that the U.S. government directly subsidized theatre.

FDR's Court Packing Plan

Franklin Roosevelt asked Congress to permit the President to increase the number of judges from 9-15 if the judges refused to retire after the age of 70, it never became a law because it was a threat to the separation of powers

Judicial Reorganization Bill of 1937

this failed bill would have allowed FDR to appoint 1 justice for every current justice who was over 70 years old; this would have given FDR the ability to appoint 6 justices; the bill died when FDR's biggest supporters wouldn't support this "court-packing" scheme

Retirement Bill

This was a part of the Judicial Reorganization Bill to incentivize justices to retire

Fascism

A political system headed by a dictator that calls for extreme nationalism and racism and no tolerance of opposition

Communism

A theory or system of social organization based on the holding of all property in common, actual ownership being ascribed to the community as a whole or to the state.

Totalitarianism

A form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.)

Nye Commission

1936, led by Senator Gerald Nye, revealed corruption of American arms manufacturers, some of whom had been supplying Fascist governments with weapons, others calling for entry to WWI

Neutrality Acts

4 laws passed in the late 1930s that were designed to keep the US out of international incidents

"Spheres of Influence" and the Open Door policy

1) regions in China where specific European countries had basic control. 2) Policy by the US that was agreed to by Europe that guaranteed free passage and free trade throughout China

Nazi Germany

a.k.a the Third Reich; lasted from 1933 to 1945; Germany under the leadership of Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party

appeasement policy

allowed Germany to keep Sudetenland in return for Hitler's promise to cease aggressions

FDR's "Armed Neutrality"

FDR's plan to educate the public, slowly preparing for war, while trying to stay out of the conflict

Destroyers for Bases Deal

the US would give britain its old destroyers in return for american bases on british contolled areas

Lend-Lease Act

1941 law that authorized the president to aid any nation whose defense he believed was vital to American security

"shoot on site" order

In response to Germany's actions, President Roosevelt ordered that American naval vessels and planes would attack Nazi submarines and raiders without waiting for them to strike first

Neutrality Patrols

US navy patroled neutral areas, sinking anyone in the area (targeted germ)

USS Greer

was a Wickes-class destroyer in the US Navy, she became the first US Navy ship to fire on a German ship, 3 months before the US officially entered WWII, sept 1941- Greer was destroyed

Battle of Britain (1940)

series of air strikes on Britain by Germany from August to November of 1940 in an attempt to gain air supremacy.

FDR's embargo on naval and aviation supplies to Japan

Attempt to stop Japanese expansion

Bombing of Pearl Harbor

Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor on Dec. 7, 1941. The attack devastated the American fleet. America declared war on
Japan.

Rosie the Riveter

A propaganda character designed to increase production of female workers in the factories. It became a rallying symbol for women to do their part.

Tuskegee Airmen

332 Fighter Group famous for shooting down over 200 enemy planes. African American pilots who trained at the Tuskegee flying school.

Executive Order 9066

2/19/42; 112,000 Japanese-Americans forced into camps causing loss of homes & businesses, 600K more renounced citizenship; demonstrated fear of Japanese invasion

Japanese Internment

Japanese and Japanese Americans from the West Coast of the United States during WWII. While approximately 10,000 were able to relocate to other parts of the country of their own choosing, the remainder-roughly 110,000 me, women and children-were sent to hastly constructed camps called "War Relocation Centers" in remote portions of the nation's interior.

D-Day (June 6, 1944)

Led by Eisenhower, over a million troops (the largest invasion force in history) stormed the beaches at Normandy and began the process of re-taking France. The turning point of World War II.

US "Island Hopping" Campaign

MacAruthur wants to go through the big islands even though it isn't a direct route, Nimitz wants to go on the direct route through the smaller islands; both a success but does lead to huge loss in life because assaulting defensive positions

Manhattan Project

A secret U.S. project for the construction of the atomic bomb.

Double V Campaign

The World War II-era effort of black Americans to gain "a Victory over racism at home as well as Victory abroad."

Executive Order 8802

Also known as the Fair Labor Standards Act, this banned discrimination in the war industries.

2nd Great Migration

The migration of more than 5 million African Americans from the South to the other three regions of the United States. It took place from 1941, through World War II, and lasted until 1970

Zoom Suit Riots (1943)

Occurred when sailors roamed the streets of Los Angeles and Long Beach attacking young "zooters", which were Mexican American teenagers who wore long coats, flashy colors, and long hairstyles. Later on a governor found that the riots were not caused by the sailors and the police

Bracero Program (1942)

Program established by agreement with the Mexican government to recruit temporary Mexican agricultural workers to the United States to make up for wartime labor shortages in the Far West. The program persisted until 1964, by when it had sponsored 4.5 million border crossings.

Office of War Information (OWI)

Worked closely with the media to encourage support of the war effort

War Production Board (WPB)

a government agency set up to oversee production of war materials during World War II

Office of Price Administration (OPA)

WWII Office that installs price controls on essential items to prevent inflation

Atlantic Conference and Charter

1941; founded the Atlantic charter and the eight points hoping to make a better future for the world

United Nations

An international organization formed after WWII to promote international peace, security, and cooperation.

Potsdam Conference

July 26, 1945 - Allied leaders Truman, Stalin and Churchill met in Germany to set up zones of control and to inform the Japanese that if they refused to surrender at once, they would face total destruction.

Yalta Conference (1945)

FDR, Churchill and Stalin met at Yalta. Russia agreed to declare war on Japan after the surrender of Germany and in return FDR and Churchill promised the USSR concession in Manchuria and the territories that it had lost in the Russo-Japanese War

The big 3

Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin

Casablanca Conference (1943)

A wartime conference held at Casablanca, Morocco that was attended by de Gaulle, Churchill, and FDR. The Allies demanded the unconditional surrender of the axis, agreed to aid the Soviets, agreed on the invasion Italy, and the joint leadership of the Free French by De Gaulle and Giraud.

Tehran Conference (1943)

Stalin urged Roosevelt and Churchill to open up a new front in Western Europe. Talked of a possible United Nations.

Bretton Woods Conference

1944, (FDR) , The common name for the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference held in New Hampshire, 44 nations at war with the Axis powers met to create a world bank to stabilize international currency, increase investment in under-developed areas, and speed the economic recovery of Europe.

Why did the US transition to an age of imperialism?

How did the US justify their imperialistic actions in places such as Hawaii, Cuba, the Philippines?

a desire for new markets for its industrial products and a belief in the racial and cultural superiority of Americans

Distinguish the difference between the Teller Amendment and the Platt Amendment?

The Teller Amendment, passed during the Spanish-American War, promised that the United States would not annex Cuba and would leave control of the island to its people once the war was over, essentially guaranteeing Cuban independence; while the Platt Amendment, enacted after the war, allowed the U.S. to intervene in Cuban affairs and essentially limited Cuba's sovereignty by giving the U.S. the right to establish naval bases on the island, effectively making Cuba a U.S. protectorate.

What was the role of yellow journalism in the Spanish-American war?

Yellow journalism significantly fueled public opinion and contributed to the U.S. government's decision to enter the Spanish-American War.

Why did the US support Panama's war for independence against Columbia?

They wanted to have control over the creation and use of the Panama Canal for trade routes.

Summarize the primary objective of the Open Door policy of 1899.

to ensure that all countries had equal access to trade with China, preventing any single nation from establishing a monopoly on Chinese markets

How did the Roosevelt Corollary change the implementation of the Monroe Doctrine?

the Monroe Doctrine stated that European countries should stay out of Latin America, the Roosevelt Corollary took this further to say the United States had the right to exercise military force in Latin American countries to keep European countries out

What was Teddy Roosevelt's approach to foreign policy called?

The Big Stick

What is the significance of the Supreme Court ruling in the Insular Cases of 1901-1903?

created a legal doctrine allowing the US to govern territories acquired from Spain, like Puerto Rico and the Philippines, with less constitutional protection for their residents, categorizing these as "unincorporated territories" and distinguishing them from territories destined for statehood.

Explain the core elements of the Populist reform.

improving conditions for farmers

Which Democratic presidential candidate gained the support of the Populist vote? What did the election of Republican President McKinley mean for the nation going forward into the 1900s?

William Jennings Bryan; McKinley's presidency saw rapid economic growth

Outline the goals of the Progressive movement.

civil service reform, food safety laws, and increased political rights for women and U.S. workers, temperance

What was the role of "muckrakers" in achieving Progressive Era reforms?

exposing widespread corruption in business and government through investigative journalism, raising public awareness about social issues like poverty, unsafe working conditions, and political machines

Explain the purpose of settlement houses.

improve the lives of immigrants and the urban poor by providing social, educational, and welfare services within impoverished neighborhoods

What groups of people did settlement houses primarily serve?

poor urban populations, particularly recent immigrants

Describe the workplace reforms made during the Progressive Era.

workers' health and safety, 40 hour work week, overtime pay, minimum wage

What was the intended purpose of the Sherman Antitrust Act? How was it actually used initially?

to promote competition and economic fairness by prohibiting anti-competitive business practices