Haitain Revolution, Industrial Revolution, and All echos of Revolution:
🟥 Marx, Social Theory & Ideologies
Bourgeoisie
→ Wealthy factory owners who own capital and control production.
Proletariat
→ Working class who sell their labor to survive.
Capital
→ Wealth, money, machines, and factories used to produce goods for profit.
Vicissitudes
→ Ups and downs or changes, especially in the economy or market.
Commodity
→ A good or service made to be bought and sold for profit; Marx argues labor is treated this way.
Manifesto
→ A public declaration of beliefs, goals, and plans for change.
Capitalism’s fatal flaw (Marx)
→ It exploits workers and creates inequality, which makes the system unstable and unsustainable.
Why socialism is the final stage (Marx)
→ It ends class struggle by abolishing private property and exploitation.
Nationalism (definition)
→ Loyalty and pride in one’s nation.
Marx’s challenge to nationalism
→ Class struggle matters more than national identity; workers should unite globally.
Social Darwinism
→ The belief that “survival of the fittest” explains social and economic inequality.
How Social Darwinists justified imperialism
→ They claimed strong nations and races were naturally superior, justifying racism and conquest.
First sentence of the Communist Manifesto
→ All history is driven by class struggle.
Labor as a commodity (Marx)
→ Workers sell labor like a product, making them vulnerable to wages, layoffs, and markets.
Proletariat growth (Marx)
→ Industrialization forces workers together, increasing unity and class awareness.
Malthus’s “unconquerable difficulties”
→ Population outgrows food supply, causing famine, poverty, war, and disease.
Spencer on government limits
→ Government aid interferes with natural laws and weakens society.
Spencer’s final argument
→ Poverty and suffering are necessary for human progress.
🟦 Industrial Revolution: Origins & Causes
Industrial Revolution (time & place)
→ Began in Britain (1750–1900) and spread globally.
Energy shift of the IR
→ From local resources to fossil fuels and steam power.
Population growth (1400–1800s)
→ Increased from ~375 million to 1 billion.
Industrial Enlightenment
→ Faith in science, progress, and innovation.
Merchant capitalism
→ State-supported monopolies and trade privileges.
Role of global trade
→ Provided raw materials, wealth, and markets.
Artisan innovation
→ Early inventions came from craftsmen and workshops.
Natural resources in Britain
→ Coal and iron fueled industrialization.
Geographic advantages of Britain
→ Access to oceans and trade routes.
Colonial wealth
→ Colonies supplied resources and capital.
🟨 Industrial Revolution: Technology & Growth
Cotton gin
→ Machine that made cotton processing faster and cheaper.
Inventor of the cotton gin
→ Eli Whitney.
Side effect of the cotton gin
→ Increased demand for enslaved labor.
British textile industry growth
→ Cotton use rose from 52 million lbs (1800) to 588 million lbs (1850).
đźź© Social Classes & Reform
Aristocracy (IR impact)
→ Lost power as industry replaced landownership.
Middle class
→ Supported free trade, liberal politics, and constitutional government.
Ideology of Domesticity
→ Women as homemakers, men as workers.
Laboring classes
→ Lived in crowded cities and suffered harsh conditions.
Urbanization in Britain
→ By 1851, most people lived in cities.
Robert Owen
→ Promoted humane factory communities.
Karl Marx
→ Criticized capitalism and inspired socialism.
Trade unions (1824)
→ Legalized to fight for better wages and conditions.
Labour Party (1890s)
→ Sought peaceful, democratic socialism.
🟪 Industrial Revolution: Impacts
Positive impact of the IR
→ Massive increase in production and material goods.
Negative impact of the IR
→ Pollution and environmental damage.
The Great Stink (1858)
→ Thames pollution forced Parliament to shut down.
IR as a “two-edged sword”
→ Destroyed old lifestyles but created modern society.
Modern technologies from the IR
→ Electricity, plumbing, chemicals, refrigeration.
Coketown (Dickens)
→ Symbol of pollution, exploitation, and worker suffering.
🟧 Global Revolutions
Haitian Revolution (1791–1804)
→ Successful slave revolt that created Haiti.
Saint Domingue
→ Wealthy French colony based on enslaved labor.
Influence of the French Revolution on Haiti
→ Inspired demands for equality and rights.
Toussaint Louverture
→ Former slave and key revolutionary leader.
Outcome of the Haitian Revolution
→ Slavery ended; Haiti became independent but poor.
Latin American Revolutions (1808–1825)
→ Independence movements against Spanish rule.
Creoles
→ American-born elites who led revolutions.
SimĂłn BolĂvar
→ Led independence in northern South America.
JosĂ© de San MartĂn
→ Led independence in southern South America.
Napoleon’s global influence
→ Spread modern and revolutionary ideas worldwide.
đźź« Ideologies & Global Impact
Capitalism
→ Private ownership of trade and industry for profit.
Socialism
→ Government control of production for equality.
Nationalism (19th century)
→ Loyalty to a nation and belief in popular sovereignty.
Enlightenment Revolutions
→ Focused on rights, ideas, and political change.
Industrial Revolution focus
→ Technology, machines, capitalism, and production.
Global impact of nationalism
→ Inspired independence movements worldwide.
🟨 Key Figures & Historians
Eli Whitney
→ Inventor of the cotton gin.
Charles Dickens
→ Author of Hard Times; criticized industrial pollution and inequality.
Eric Hobsbawm
→ Historian who said the IR destroyed old ways of life.