Polarity and Dipoles

Electronegativity is The attractive force on electrons by atoms
- increases when the positive nucleus of atoms can get closer to other electrons

☆ Bond type determination
   - metal and a nonmetal form ionic bond
   - two nonmetals form covalent bonds
☆ electronegativity differences to show the type of bond   
   ・ ionic bonds have a differential of 1.8 - 4.0
   ・ covalent bonds have a differential of 0.0 - 1.8
        - nonpolar covalent bonds - 0.0 - 0.4
       - polar covalent bonds - 0.4-1.8
☆ polar versus nonpolar
   -a polar bond means there is enough of a overall difference in electronegativity so that there is a positive and negative side to a covalent bond
   -δ+ (Delta positive) means electrons move away from δ- (Delta negative) is the side where electrons move closer to.
  ・ a nonpolar bond is when the electronegativity difference between both atoms is 0 or close enough to zero that the electrons are shared equally within the bond
  ・BOTH are covalent bonds

Bond polarity
   - determined by electronegativity difference
   - between two atoms only
       0.0 - 0.4 NPC
       0.4 - 1.8 PC
       1.8-40 ionic
Molecular polarity
   symmetrical - nonpolar
   asymmetrical - polar