Chapter 12 HUN Part 2

Water and Minerals

  • 6o% of body weight

  • Inside cells (intracellular) two thirds

  • Outside cells (extracellular) one third:

    • Lymph;

    • Interstitial/intercellular (in between)

    • GI tract

    • Eyes; Joints; Spinal cord

 



Water Functions

  • Carries nutrients and waste products

  • Maintains structure of large molecules

  • Participates in metabolic reactions

  • Serves as a solvent

  • Acts as a lubricant and cushion

  • Aids in regulation of body temperature

  • Maintains blood volume

Electrolytes

  • Ions

    • Dissolved minerals give off charges

    • Cations ++

    • Anions –

 

Regulating Fluid & Electrolyte Balance

Fluids maintain blood volume (BV)

Blood volume influences blood pressure (BP) Kidneys primary regulator of BP and BV Instructions come from:

  • Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) (water conserving)

  • Renin (reabsorb sodium) (water retention)

    • Raise BV and BP

    • Angiotensin raise BP

  • Aldosterone (excrete potassium and retain more sodium

 

Principal Electrolytes in Body Fluids

  • Sodium (+)

  • Potassium (+)

  • Chloride (-)

  • Concentrations differ inside and outside the cells

Fluid and Electrolyte Imbalance

  • The body normally maintains balance

  • Imbalances:

    • Medication

    • Prolong vomiting & diarrhea

    • Heavy sweating

    • Severe burns

    • Traumatic wounds

Oral Rehydration Therapy (ORT)

  • ½ Liter boiling water

  • 4 tsp sugar

  • ½ tsp salt

  • Cool before drinking.

Maintaining Water Balance

  • Intake

    • Food

    • Drink

    • Water

Obligatory loss /Mandatory

  • Output

    • Sweat

    • Urine

    • Feces

    • Respiration

Water Loss

  • Abnormal loss

    • Vomiting

    • Diarrhea

    • Excessive bleeding

    • Fever

    • Other metabolic disorders

Table 12-2

 

 



Water Requirements

  • AI for men: 3.7L/day

  • Women : 2.7L/day

  • Approx. 8 to 12 cups.

  • Consider also:

    • Environmental temp.

    • High protein diets

    • Low calorie diets

    • High fiber diets



Water Imbalance

  • Dehydration

    • Intake less than Loss

  • Water intoxication (Hyponatremia)

    • Intake greater than output

      • Too much water relative to sodium

      • Blood concentration of sodium drops

Water Intoxication

  • Tissue swelling

    • Swelling in the brain :

      • Disorientation

      • Convulsion

      • Coma

      • death

Health Effects of Water

  • Hard water (calcium & magnesium)

  • Soft water (sodium & potassium)

  • Bottled water

  • Spring water

  • Filtered water

  • Distilled water / Purified

  • Carbonated water

  • Mineral water (250 parts per million of

Minerals an Overview

  • We need more than 20 minerals to stay healthy

  • Major minerals (greater than 100mg/day or present in the body)

  • Trace minerals (less than 100mg/day or present in the body)

Minerals in our foods

  • Plant sources

  • Animal sources

  • Added in processing or removed

  • Enriching

Bioavailability

  • Varies for different minerals and from food sources

    • Sodium (almost all absorbed)

    • Calcium 25%

    • Iron 5%

Generally animal sources are more absorbed

Bioavailability

  • Phytates and oxalates from plants affect availability

  • Mineral/mineral interaction eg. Ca++; Mg++; Zn++; copper++; Iron++ (high doses of one may affect absorption of another)

  • Body’s needs

Compounds that interfere with

minerals

 

Mineral Functions

  • Body structure

  • Regulate body processes

  • Blood pressure

  • Muscle contraction

  • Nerve impulse transmittion

  • Water balance

  • Energy metabolism

  • Growth and development

  • Cofactors