Key Vocabulary for Every Living Thing Has DNA:

• DNA

• Deoxyribose Amino Acid

• Chromosomes

• Genetic information

• Instructions

• Genes

• Genome

• Proteins

• Reproduction

• Mutations

• Double Helix

• Nucleotides

• Adenine

• Thymine

• Guanine

• Cytosine

• Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)

• Karyotype

• Chromatin

• Chromosome

• Chromatid

• DNA replication

• Genetics

• Traits

• Gene regulation

• Human Genome Project (HGP)

• Hydrogen bonds

• Dipole-dipole forces

Every living thing has DNA.

DNA is the blueprint for living organism.

DNA stands for Deoxyribose Amino Acid

DNA is the material that makes up our chromosomes and stores our genetic information.

The genetic information is a set of instructions that tell your cells what to do.

Each piece of information is carried on a different section of the DNA.

DNA is too small to see, but under a microscope it looks like a twisted up ladder.

Each piece of information is carried on a different section of the DNA. These sections are called genes.

All our genes together are known as our "genome."

It helps keep the body functioning properly.

DNA helps cells to make proteins.

DNA also allows living things to reproduce.

The genes in DNA pass along physical traits from parents to children.

Sometimes there are mistakes in DNA. These mistakes are called mutations. They can cause diseases and other problems.

Double Helix

It is made of subunits called NUCLEOTIDES that are linked together like a chain.

Chemicals called phosphates and sugars make up the sides of the ladder (skeleton).

DNA also has bases. Each base on one strand is joined to a base on the other strand.

Nucleotides are composed of three main parts:

5-carbon sugar (deoxyribose in DNA).

Phosphate group.

Nitrogen - containing base.

The only difference between each nucleotide is the identity of the base.

There are only four possible bases that make up each DNA nucleotide:

1. Adenine (A)

2. Guanine (G)

3. Cytosine (C)

4. Thymine (T)

The deoxyribo part of the name refers to the name of the sugar that is contained in DNA, deoxyribose

There are four different bases in DNA: adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine.

These four chemicals are repeated in different orders over and over again in each strand of DNA.

Human DNA contains about 3 billion pairs of these bases.

The order in which the bases are arranged is very important. It forms a code that tells cells to make certain kinds of proteins.

The bases in DNA do not pair randomly.

A and T, and G and C, are "complementary bases"

RNA

1. Nucleic Acid

2. Ribonucleic Acid

3. Single Stranded

The ribo part of the name refers to the name of the sugar that is contained in RNA, ribose.

Nucleotides in RNA

1. Adenine

2. Cytosine

3. Guanine

4. Uracil (Thymine in DNA)

The bases in RNA do not pair randomly.

A and T, and G and C, are "complementary bases"

RNA is a single-stranded nucleic acid polymer of the four nucleotides A, C, G, and U joined through a backbone of alternating phosphate and ribose sugar.

RNA is a special kind of molecule that is made up of four different building blocks called nucleotides. These nucleotides are like letters in a secret code that tell our cells what to do. The RNA molecule is like a long string made up of these letters, and it has a special backbone that holds it all together. Think of it like a necklace made up of beads, where each bead is a different letter. This necklace is really important because it helps our cells make proteins, which are like tiny machines that do all sorts of important jobs in our bodies.

Whereas DNA provides the genetic information for the cell and is inherently quite stable, RNA has many roles and is much more reactive chemically.

Karyotype Is an individual’s complete set of chromosomes.

The term also refers to a laboratory-produced image of a person’s chromosomes isolated from an individual cell and arranged in numerical order.

A karyotype may be used to look for abnormalities in chromosome number or structure.

Chromatin is composed of DNA and histones that are packaged into thin, stringy fibers.

The chromatin undergoes further condensation to form the chromosome.

Chromosomes are single-stranded groupings of condensed chromatin.

A chromatid is either of the two strands of a replicated chromosome.

DNA replication is the process by which DNA makes a copy of itself during cell division.

How does DNA replicate?

• The two strands of DNA must be separated and copied.

• One protein separates the two strands of DNA.

• Another protein brings the correct new base pair with the existing base, thus using it as a template.

DNA replication

• In this way, two strands are formed from one.

• Each new DNA double hélix has one old strand (the parent strand) and one new strand (the daughter strand).

Genetics

• Small sections of DNA are responsible for a “trait”. These small sections are called “Genes”.

• Gene: A segment of DNA that codes for a specific trait.

• Trait: A charcteristic an organism can pass on to it’s offspring through DNA.

Genes

• A piece of DNA that carries the genetic information to control one trait.

• Each gene has a specific location on a specific pair of chromosomes.

• Genes carry the information that determines your traits, which are features or characteristics that are passed on to you — or inherited — from your parents.

• Each cell in the human body contains about 25,000 to 35,000 genes.

• Gene regulation is turning on and off the genes in the genetic code.

Summary

• DNA stores the genetic information of the cell in the sequence of its 4 bases: adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine.

• DNA is a double helix made of a long chain of nucleotides consisting of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and nitrogencontaining base.

• RNA is a single-stranded nucleic acid polymer of the four nucleotides A, C, G, and U.

• Gene regulation is turning on and off the genes in the genetic code.

Human Genome Project (HGP)

• Was the international, collaborative research program formed to complete the mapping and understanding of all the genes of human beings.

• The project began in 1990.

• Objective: Determining the order, or "sequence," of all the bases in our genome's DNA.

• Making maps that show the locations of genes for major sections of all our chromosomes.

• Producing what are called "linkage maps" through which inherited traits can be tracked over generations.

• Revealed that there are approximately 25,000 human genes.

• It can identify the location of each gene.

• Detailed information about the structure, organization, and function of the complete set of human genes.

• This information can be thought of as the basic set of inheritable "instructions" for the development and function of a human being.

• The International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium completed and published the full sequence in April 2003.

The chemical structure of DNA includes a chain of nucleotides consisting of a 5- carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen base.

Hydrogen bonds

• A hydrogen bond is a low kind type of dipole-dipole bond that exists between an electronegative molecule and a hydrogen molecule bonded to another electronegative molecule. This type of bond always involves a hydrogen atom.

• Dipole-dipole forces are attractive forces between the positive end of one polar molecule and the negative end of another polar molecule.

• Hydrogen bonds hold the complementary bases together, with two bonds forming between an A and a T, and three bonds between a G and a C.

DNA is made of two strands of nucleotides formed into a double helix, or a two-stranded spiral, with the sugar and phosphate groups on the outside, and the paired bases connecting the two strands on the inside of the helix.