Unit 3 ACA US History notes/flashcards/study guide

ACA US History Chapter 6 + 7 Study Guide - Unit 3

Introduction/General:

1) When and what was the ‘Grand Federal Procession’?

Occurred July 4th, 1788
It was a celebration in Philadelphia in honor of the new national constitution.

2) When was George Washington sworn into office? Where?

George Washington was sworn into office in April 1789, in New York.

3) What was the significance of celebrating the new government and president?

The celebrations of the new government and president, like the 1788 procession and Washington's 1789 inauguration, symbolized national unity, cooperation, and the hope for a stable, prosperous, and diverse United States, despite underlying conflicts.

4) When was the Constitution ratified?

The Constitution was announced to be in effect on July 2, 1788, after a majority of states had ratified it.

5) When was the Bill of Rights ratified?

The Bill of Rights was ratified in 1791.

6) Who is considered the father of the Constitution?

James Madison is widely considered the "Father of the Constitution" due to his pivotal role in its drafting and ratification.
He initiated the Constitutional Convention with his Virginia Plan, which served as the guiding document for the new government.

I. Shay’s Rebellion:

7) What was Shay’s Rebellion?

Shays's Rebellion (1786-1787) was an uprising of debt-ridden farmers in western Massachusetts, led by Daniel Shays, protesting foreclosures.
The state militia suppressed the rebellion. This event exposed the critical weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation and underscored the need for a stronger federal government, leading to the Constitutional Convention.

8) Who was Daniel Shay, and what was he the former leader of?

Daniel Shays was a captain in the Continental Army during the Revolutionary War.
He was the leader of Shays's Rebellion, an uprising of debt-ridden farmers, many of whom were also Revolutionary War veterans, in western Massachusetts during 1786 and 1787.

9) What was the name of Daniel Shay’s followers?

Daniel Shays's followers were known as the "Shaysites."

10) Who was the governor of Massachusetts at the time of Shay’s Rebellion, and what was his response to the rebellion?

The governor of Massachusetts at the time of Shays's Rebellion was James Bowdoin.
He viewed the Shaysites as rebels seeking to disrupt the government through mob violence.
In response, he called up thousands of militiamen, led by General Benjamin Lincoln, to disperse them.
In January 1787, Lincoln's militia arrested over a thousand Shaysites and reopened the courts.

11) When was Shay’s Rebellion?

Shays's Rebellion occurred in 1786 and 1787.

12) What was Daniel Shay charged with due to the rebellion, and what was the outcome?

Daniel Shays and other leaders of the rebellion were indicted for treason.
Several were sentenced to death, but eventually, Shays and most of his followers received pardons.

13) How did Anti-Federalists (Democratic-Republicans) feel about the Rebellion?

Some Americans, like Thomas Jefferson, who was a key figure for the Republicans/Democratic-Republicans, viewed Shays's Rebellion as a beneficial event, believing that "a little rebellion now and then" helped keep the country free.

14) How did Federalists feel about the Rebellion?

Federalists, especially nationalists like James Madison, viewed Shays's Rebellion as a critical example of the country's need for a strong central government.
They feared the nation was sliding toward anarchy and that states could not maintain control.
Governor James Bowdoin of Massachusetts, for instance, saw the Shaysites as rebels attempting to rule the government through mob violence.

II. Constitutional Convention:

15) How many delegates met at the Constitutional Convention?

Delegates from twelve of the thirteen states met at the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia in the summer of 1787.

16) What state was not represented at the C.C.?

Only Rhode Island declined to send a representative to the Constitutional Convention.

17) Where did the C.C. take place?

The Constitutional Convention took place at the Pennsylvania state house in Philadelphia.

18) What was the purpose of the C.C.?

The Constitutional Convention initially convened with the instruction for delegates to revise the Articles of Confederation.
A primary problem it aimed to solve was the federal government's inability to levy taxes.
However, James Madison and other nationalists intended to produce a completely new national constitution to replace the Articles.

19) What were the biggest problems with the Articles of Confederation?

The biggest problems with the Articles of Confederation included the federal government's inability to levy taxes, which meant it had no way to raise revenue.
This weakness put the burden of Revolutionary War debt on the states and contributed to a struggling national and local economy.
Furthermore, the Articles did little to create a cohesive nation out of the various states, leading to internal conflicts like Shays's Rebellion.

20) What did Madison’s research consist of the year before the C.C.?

The year before the Constitutional Convention, James Madison completed two extensive research projects: one focused on the history of government in the United States and the other on the history of republics around the world.
This research served as the foundation for his Virginia Plan.

21) What was the Virginia Plan?

The Virginia Plan, proposed by James Madison, called for a strong federal government with three branches: legislative (bicameral, with representation based on population or tax base), executive, and judicial.
The national legislature would also have veto power over state laws.
Madison based this plan on his research, aiming to create an "extended republic" capable of governing a diverse nation.

22) What was the New Jersey Plan, and who proposed it?

The New Jersey Plan was proposed by William Paterson.
It suggested maintaining the structure where each state had a single vote in Congress, similar to the Articles of Confederation, in contrast to the Virginia Plan's proposal for proportional representation.

23) What did Roger Sherman of Connecticut propose?

Roger Sherman of Connecticut argued that members of Congress should be appointed by state legislatures, believing ordinary voters lacked sufficient information for national decisions.
He also proposed a compromise for congressional representation, which significantly influenced the Great Compromise.

24) Which states preferred the VA plan and which states preferred the NJ plan?

Large states, such as Virginia and Pennsylvania (represented by James Madison and James Wilson, respectively), preferred the Virginia Plan because it based representation on population, giving them more power.
Smaller states, like New Jersey (from which William Paterson proposed the New Jersey Plan), preferred the New Jersey Plan to maintain equal representation for all states, similar to the Articles

25) What was the Connecticut Compromise/The Great Compromise?

The Great Compromise, also known as the Connecticut Compromise, was proposed by Roger Sherman to resolve the dispute over representation in the new U.S. Congress.
It established a bicameral legislature consisting of two houses: the House of Representatives, where representation would be based on each state's population, and the Senate, where each state would have equal representation with two senators.

26) Why did it take the delegates so long to decide about the executive branch?

It took the delegates extended debate to decide on the national executive branch primarily due to the contentious idea of a single executive, which raised fears of an elected monarchy so soon after independence.
They also struggled with how to select officeholders and protect the branch from corruption, eventually agreeing on a special electoral college.

27) What did the delegates decide about the executive branch/powers?

The Constitutional Convention eventually decided that the national executive power would reside in a single person, known as the president.
This proposal was initially controversial, as it evoked fears of an elected monarchy.
After extensive debate, the delegates agreed that the president would be elected by a special electoral college

28) Why was James Wilson’s (PA) decision controversial?

James Wilson’s proposal on June 1 that the national executive power reside in a single person was extremely controversial because, coming only four years after the American Revolution.
The delegates were wary of any structure that resembled royalty or concentrated power too heavily in one individual, reminiscent of the British

III. Ratifying the Constitution

29) Why did Congress vote down a proposal for a Bill of Rights?

The Constitutional Convention voted down a proposal for a national Bill of Rights because Federalists argued that it was redundant and potentially dangerous.
They believed that including a specific list of rights could imply that any rights not enumerated were not protected, thereby limiting future citizens from adding new rights.

30) What was the most famous example of citizens' criticism/feelings being published on the Constitution?

The most famous and important examples of citizens' criticism and feelings being published on the Constitution came from Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison in the Federalist Papers.
These essays were published in various New York newspapers in 1787 and 1788 to advocate for the ratification of the Constitution.

31) When did voting on the Constitution begin?

The first crucial vote on the Constitution by state ratification conventions occurred at the beginning of 1788 in Massachusetts.

32) At the beginning of voting, which side appeared that it was going to win?

At the beginning of voting at the Massachusetts ratifying convention, the Anti-Federalists probably had the upper hand.

33) What happened at the Virginia Convention?

The most high-profile convention for ratifying the Constitution was held in Richmond, Virginia, in June 1788.
During this convention, Federalists such as James Madison, Edmund Randolph, and John Marshall debated against influential Anti-Federalists like Patrick Henry and George Mason.
After nearly a month of debate, Virginia voted 89 to 79 in favor of ratification.

34) What was the significance of Virginia’s ratification of the Constitution?

Virginia's ratification of the Constitution was highly significant because it was America's most populous state, had produced several of the country's most prominent leaders, and the success of the new federal government largely depended on its cooperation.
After a month of intense debate at the Richmond convention, Virginia voted 89 to 79 in favor of ratification.

35) What is the significance of July 2nd, 1788?

On July 2, 1788, Congress announced that a majority of states had ratified the Constitution, and as a result, the document was officially in effect.

36) What states still had to ratify the Constitution following July 2nd?

Following July 2, 1788, North Carolina, New York, and Rhode Island had not yet completed their ratification conventions for the Constitution.

IV. Rights + Compromises:

37) What did Washington’s presidency signify?

George Washington’s election as president in April 1789 cemented the Constitution’s authority.
His presidency signified the peaceful establishment of the new federal government and demonstrated that the country could successfully transfer executive power without descending into the anarchy many leaders feared.
He also embodied republican virtue for many Americans.

38) The continued debates of the Constitution added what to the Constitution in 1791?

The continued debates of the Constitution led to the addition of Ten Amendments in 1791, which together constitute the Bill of Rights.
James Madison supported these amendments as an act of political compromise and necessity.

39) Which founding father (against his original wishes) added the Bill of Rights?

James Madison, against his original wishes, supported the addition of the Bill of Rights to the Constitution as an act of political compromise and necessity.
He had won election to the House of Representatives by promising his Virginia constituents such a list of rights.

40) What did the Bill of Rights leave out?

The Bill of Rights left out several key protections. It did not include special protections or a guarantee of a voice in government for women.
Additionally, many states continued to restrict voting rights to men who owned significant amounts of property.
Notably, slavery continued to exist and was both condoned and protected by the Constitution.

41) What did the Constitution say about slavery?

The U.S. Constitution, through various compromises, protected and condoned slavery.
Key provisions included the Three-fifths Compromise, which counted each enslaved individual as three-fifths of a person for representation and tax purposes.
Additionally, it included a constitutional provision that protected the foreign slave trade for twenty years, until 1808.

42) How did the Constitution count slaves for taxation/representation purposes?

The Constitution counted enslaved people as three-fifths of a person for both representation in Congress and for direct tax purposes.
This was part of a compromise that also protected the foreign slave trade for twenty years.

43) What was the Dirty Compromise?

The "dirty compromise" was an agreement reached at the Constitutional Convention in 1787 between New England and the Deep South.
New Englanders agreed to protect the foreign slave trade for twenty years, and in return, delegates from South Carolina and Georgia agreed to support a constitutional clause that made it easier for Congress to pass commercial legislation.

44) Who was the Dirty Compromise between, and when was it?

The "dirty compromise" was an agreement between New England and the Deep South, reached at the Constitutional Convention in 1787.

45) How did keeping the Transatlantic Slave Trade benefit MD/VA?

The states of the Upper South, including Maryland and Virginia, benefited from the ban on the Atlantic slave trade because they already had a surplus of enslaved laborers.
Ending the importation of new enslaved people meant that enslavers in Virginia and Maryland could command higher prices when selling their enslaved laborers to states like South Carolina and Georgia, which were still heavily dependent on a continuous supply from the slave trade.

46) What did SC + GA do with the Dirty Compromise?

In the "dirty compromise" at the Constitutional Convention in 1787, South Carolina and Georgia delegates agreed to support a constitutional clause that would make it easier for Congress to pass commercial legislation.
In return, New Englanders agreed to include a constitutional provision that protected the foreign slave trade for twenty years.

47) When did the Transatlantic Slave Trade end?

The Transatlantic Slave Trade was outlawed in the United States in 1808.

48) List 3 reasons why the Transatlantic Slave Trade ended in 1808.

-To maintain moral high ground against Britain: The United States did not want to concede moral superiority to its rival, as Britain was also in the process of outlawing the slave trade in 1807.
-Impact of the Haitian Revolution: The successful slave revolt in Haiti (1791–1804) terrified white Americans and ended France's plans for expansion in the Americas, altering the context of the debate.
-Louisiana Purchase and slavery's expansion: The acquisition of the Louisiana Territory in 1803 brought the issue of slavery's expansion to the forefront of the national agenda. Many white Americans believed that ending the external slave trade and dispersing the domestic enslaved population would help maintain the United States as a white man's republic and potentially lead to slavery's eventual disappearance.

49) Despite the ending of the Transatlantic Slave Trade, what happened to slavery?

Despite the outlawing of the Transatlantic Slave Trade in 1808, slavery itself continued to exist and was protected by the U.S. Constitution. The ban lacked effective enforcement, and instead of freeing illegally imported Africans, many states sold them at auction. This upheld the concept of human beings as property, and the federal government protected slavery while also expanding democratic rights for white men.

V. Hamilton’s Financial System:

50) Who was in George Washington’s Cabinet?

-Vice President: John Adams

-Secretary of State: Thomas Jefferson

-Secretary of Treasury: Alexander Hamilton

51) What did Jefferson want to base the economy on?

Thomas Jefferson aimed to preserve an economy primarily based on agriculture.

52) What did Washington have a hard time controlling within his own administration?

George Washington had a hard time controlling the Federalist and Republican (or Democratic-Republican) factions within his own administration, struggling to reconcile their differing views on the size and power of the federal government and the nation's economic future.

53) What did Hamilton feel was the most powerful incentive to humans, and how did the government play a role in this?

Alexander Hamilton believed that self-interest was the “most powerful incentive of human actions,” which drove individuals to accumulate property, thereby creating commerce and industry.
He saw two key roles for the government in this process: first, to protect private property from theft, and second, to harness these human “passions” and “make them subservient to the public good.”

54) What roles did Hamilton feel the government should play in the economy?

Alexander Hamilton believed that the government had crucial roles to play in the economy.
First, the state should protect private property from theft. Second, the government should harness human self-interest and

55) How did he feel about equal property distribution?

Alexander Hamilton, like many of his contemporaries, did not believe the state should ensure an equal distribution of property. He viewed inequality as "the great & fundamental distinction in Society" and saw no reason for it to change. Instead, he sought to link the economic interests of wealthy Americans to the federal government's financial stability.

56) Who said “A government should be a respiratory of the rights of the wealthy”?

Alexander Hamilton
57) What were the three main points of Hamilton’s Financial Plan?

Federal Assumption of State Debts: The federal government would assume responsibility for the states’ unpaid debts from the Revolutionary War, totaling about 25 million.
Creation of a Bank of the United States: Hamilton proposed establishing a national bank to serve as a depository for federal funds, print paper banknotes backed by specie (gold or silver), help control inflation, and give wealthy investors a vested interest in the federal government’s finances.
Federal Excise Tax: To generate reliable tax revenue for paying off the new bonds, Hamilton proposed a federal excise tax on the production, sale, and consumption of certain goods, including whiskey.

58) Why was Hamilton’s plan controversial?

Hamilton's financial plan created significant controversy because his proposals for federal assumption of state debts rewarded speculators and burdened Southern states, while his plan for a national bank was viewed as unconstitutional and centralizing by Republicans.

59) By 1974, how much of the debt had been converted to new federal bonds?

By the end of 1794, 98 percent of the country’s domestic debt had been converted into new federal bonds.

60) What did Thomas Jefferson say about a national bank?

Thomas Jefferson and other Republicans argued that the plan for a Bank of the United States was unconstitutional, as the Constitution did not authorize Congress to create a bank.

61) What were the pros of Hamilton’s financial system?

Hamilton's financial system aimed to strengthen the federal government by tying the interests of wealthy Americans to its solvency, assuming state debts, and creating a national bank to stabilize currency and stimulate commerce and industry.
This spurred securities markets and the growth of private businesses, promoting overall economic vitality.

62) In what year did Congress approve a 20-year charter for the National Bank?

Congress approved a twenty-year charter for the Bank of the United States in 1791.

VI. The Whiskey Rebellion:

63) How did Hamilton’s tax on whiskey divide the young nation?

Geographically between the East and West.
Economically between merchants and farmers.
Culturally between cities and the countryside.
This tax placed a special burden on western farmers who often converted their grain into alcohol for more profitable transportation to markets.

64) Who was mostly affected by the whiskey tax?

Hamilton’s whiskey tax mostly affected western farmers, as selling grain to local distilleries for alcohol production was often their most profitable option compared to shipping it over the Appalachians to eastern markets.

65) What was the Whiskey Rebellion?

The Whiskey Rebellion was a protest by western Pennsylvania farmers from 1791-1794 against Hamilton's federal excise tax on whiskey.
Farmers used violent protest methods, which led President Washington to personally lead a militia to suppress the rebellion, demonstrating the new federal government's ability to enforce its laws.

66) What happened in July of 1794?

In July 1794, armed groups of farmers, associated with the Whiskey Rebellion, attacked federal marshals and tax collectors, burning down at least two of their homes.
By the end of the month, an armed force of about seven thousand men, led by David Bradford, robbed the U.S. mail and gathered near Pittsburgh.

67) Who is the only president in American history to fight in his own army?

George Washington is the only sitting president in American history to lead troops in the field.
He did so on September 19, 1794, during the Whiskey Rebellion, though he soon transferred command to Henry Lee.

68) What did the Whiskey Rebellion show?

The Whiskey Rebellion demonstrated two key things: that the federal government was capable of quelling internal unrest, and that some citizens, particularly poor western farmers, viewed the federal government as their enemy.

69) How did Hamilton show federal authority following the Whiskey Rebellion?

Following the Whiskey Rebellion, Alexander Hamilton oversaw the arrest and trial of a number of rebels, specifically to make a dramatic display of federal authority.
Although many were released due to lack of evidence and several were pardoned by the president, these actions underscored the federal government's capacity to quell internal unrest and enforce its laws.

70) What is the overall significance of the Whiskey Rebellion?

The Whiskey Rebellion was significant as it confirmed the federal government's authority to enforce laws and suppress internal dissent, contrasting with the weakness of the Articles of Confederation, but also exposed deep divisions and resentment among western farmers against federal power.

71) Why did Hamilton want to restore relationships with Great Britain?

Alexander Hamilton wanted to pursue a friendly relationship with Great Britain because he envisioned the United States as a nation actively engaged in foreign trade, and Britain was a key partner in this vision.

72) Who was serving as the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court at the time?

John Jay was serving as the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court during the time Jay's Treaty was negotiated.

73) Who was sent to Great Britain to restore relations and create a trade agreement with Great Britain?

John Jay, who was serving as chief justice of the Supreme Court, was sent to Great Britain to negotiate a treaty to restore relations and create a trade agreement.

74) What is Jay’s Treaty?

It required Britain to evacuate military posts in the Northwest Territory and compensate American merchants, while the U.S. agreed to treat Britain as its primary trade partner.
Although it failed to end impressment, Federalists saw it as a success for maintaining neutrality and trade, but Republicans viewed it as an act of treachery.

75) When was Jay’s Treaty signed?

Jay's Treaty was signed in November 1794 between the U.S. and Britain.

76) What was outlined in Jay’s Treaty?

Jay’s Treaty outlined that Britain would abandon its military positions in the Northwest Territory by 1796 and compensate American merchants for their losses.
In return, the United States agreed to treat Britain as its most favored trade partner, thereby tacitly supporting Britain in its conflict with France.
Notably, the treaty failed to secure an end to impressment of American sailors.

VII. French Revolution + Limits of Liberty:

77) How did most Americans initially respond to the news of the French Revolution?

Initially, nearly all Americans praised the French Revolution.
Towns across the country held speeches and parades on July 14th to commemorate its beginning, with people expressing enthusiasm for republican principles through attire and symbolic gestures.

78) Why did the Federalists turn to Britain?

Federalists turned towards Britain partly because they feared the most radical forms of democratic thought.
Following internal protests like Shays's Rebellion and the Whiskey Rebellion, they sought to preserve social stability, a concern that seemed justified by the chaotic course of the French Revolution.

79) How did the American Revolution influence France to justify its revolution?

The American Revolution influenced France to justify its own revolution as many Americans believed that the French Revolution represented the spread of liberty from America to Europe.
This notion was reinforced by French heroes who had participated in the American Revolution and then returned to France.

80) At first, how did the US support the French Revolution?

Initially, the United States supported the French Revolution through widespread popular praise.
Towns across the country hosted speeches and parades on July 14th to commemorate the start of the revolution.
Americans demonstrated their support by wearing neoclassical dress to honor republican principles and pinning revolutionary cockades to their hats.

81) Who was Edmund Charles Genet?

Edmond-Charles Genêt was a French ambassador to the U.S. who, in 1793, encouraged Americans to act against Spain, a British ally, and threatened to appeal directly to the American people when President Washington refused to support his causes.
Washington demanded his recall, but Genêt remained in America due to a change in power in France that would have endangered his life upon return.

82) Why did George Washington ask Genet to leave?

George Washington asked Edmond-Charles Genêt to leave because Genêt encouraged Americans to act against Spain, a British ally, by attacking its colonies, and then threatened to appeal directly to the American people when Washington refused to support these actions.
Washington viewed this as undermining U.S. neutrality and his presidential authority.

83) Why did Genet refuse to return to France?

Genêt refused to return to France because his political faction had fallen from power in his home country. He feared that a return would cost him his life, which was a real danger during the radical phase of the French Revolution known as the Reign of Terror.

84) What was the effect on Genet of the American public’s support of the revolution?

The American public's enthusiastic support for the French Revolution and for "Citizen" Genêt during his tour of American cities encouraged him to push his agenda further.
This led him to encourage Americans to act against Spain and to threaten to appeal directly to the people when President Washington refused to support his initiatives.

85) How did the Democratic-Republicans feel about the Revolution?

Democratic-Republicans initially widely praised the French Revolution, viewing it as a continuation of American principles and a spread of liberty to Europe.
Even as the revolution grew more radical and violent, they generally remained hopeful about its outcome, preferring friendship with revolutionary France over closer ties with Great Britain.

86) How did the Federalists feel about the Revolution, and who did they lean toward?

Federalists initially praised the French Revolution but grew fearful as it became more radical and violent, especially after events like the Reign of Terror and internal protests in America.
They sought to preserve social stability and feared the spread of radical democratic thought. Consequently, Federalists leaned towards fostering closer ties with Great Britain, as seen in policies like Jay's Treaty, believing it crucial for American prosperity and stability.

87) What changed in 1796?

In late 1796, a significant change was the peaceful election of a new president, John Adams, as George Washington stepped down from office.
This marked the first successful and peaceful transfer of executive power in the young nation's history.
Also, by 1796, Britain was required to abandon its military positions in the Northwest Territory as per Jay's Treaty.

88) Who became the 2nd president of the U.S.?

John Adams, Washington's vice president, became the second president of the United States, elected in late 1796.

89) What did French ships do to US ships in response to Jay’s Treaty?

In response to Jay's Treaty, the French government authorized its vessels to attack American shipping.

90) What is the XYZ affair?

The XYZ Affair refers to an incident in 1797 when President John Adams sent envoys to France to resolve issues arising from French attacks on American shipping, which were a response to Jay's Treaty.
French officials, whom the Americans code-named X, Y, and Z, demanded a bribe before negotiations could begin.
When this demand became public, it outraged American citizens and fueled calls for war, encapsulated by the slogan “Millions for defense, but not one cent for tribute.”

91) Many people wrote to Adams and asked him to do what?

In response to the XYZ Affair, many towns wrote addresses to President Adams, pledging him their support against France.

92) In New England in 1798, Minister Jebidiah Morse thought that the French had created the…

In 1798, an influential Massachusetts minister, Jedidiah Morse, announced to his congregation that the French Revolution had been hatched in a conspiracy led by a mysterious anti-Christian organization called the Illuminati.

93) What were the Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798?

-Alien: allowed the federal government to deport foreign nationals, or “aliens,” who seemed to pose a national security threat.

-Sedition: allowed the government to prosecute anyone found to be speaking or publishing “false, scandalous, and malicious writing” against the government.

94) The A. and S. acts were brought on by what?

The Alien and Sedition Acts were brought on by the anxiety about foreign agents and the need to prevent internal subversion during the French Quasi-War.
They were intended to prevent French agents and sympathizers from compromising America's resistance, but they also targeted Americans who criticized the president and the Federalist Party.
Furthermore, these laws reflected common assumptions about the nature of the American

95) How did the Sedition Acts not violate the First Amendment?

According to most advocates for the Constitution and the First Amendment at the time, free speech simply meant a lack of prior censorship or restraint, not a guarantee against punishment for speech deemed "licentious" or unruly.
They believed that such speech made society less free, not more. James Wilson, a principal architect of the Constitution, argued that "every author is responsible when he attacks the security or welfare of the government."

96) Who passed the A. and S. Acts?

The Alien and Sedition Acts were passed by Congress in 1798, during the administration of President John Adams and with the strong support of the Federalist Party.

97) Who was arrested in response to the A. and S. Acts?

Under the terms of the Sedition Act, several Republican printers and a Republican congressman who had criticized President Adams were indicted and prosecuted.
Although the Alien Act was not enforced to the same extent, its passage led some foreign nationals to leave the country.
These laws attacked Americans who criticized the president and the Federalist Party, reflecting common assumptions about the nature of the American Revolution and the limits of liberty.

98) What were the effects of the A. and S. Acts

While they were intended to prevent French agents and sympathizers from compromising America's resistance and to suppress internal subversion, they were ultimately relatively ineffective at suppressing dissent.
Instead, they inspired loud reactions and helped many Americans define what they did not want from their national government.

99) What two founding fathers created legislation saying that the state legislature could declare federal laws unconstitutional?

James Madison and Thomas Jefferson

100) Who created the Kentucky Resolution?

Thomas Jefferson created the Kentucky Resolution. In 1798, he drafted the resolution which was then adopted by the Kentucky state legislature.
This resolution, along with the Virginia Resolution penned by James Madison, argued that states could declare federal laws unconstitutional.

101) Who created the Virginia Resolution?

James Madison created the Virginia Resolution. It was adopted by the Virginia legislature in 1798, presenting arguments similar to Thomas Jefferson's Kentucky Resolution regarding the limits of federal power and the states' ability to declare federal laws unconstitutional.

102) What did the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions state?

The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions stated that the national government's authority was limited to the powers expressly granted by the U.S. Constitution. More importantly, they asserted that states had the power to declare federal laws unconstitutional.

103) How did the French Revolution change the American identity?

The early years of the United States, following the American Revolution, were characterized by the challenging formation of a new government and national identity amidst internal political divisions and external pressures.
This period saw the development of constitutional structures, debates over liberty and equality, and significant foreign policy tests.

VIII. Religious Freedom:

104) Most people believed that public office holders must have a specific…

Religion

105) After the illuminati scare of 1798, people began to change their views on what?

After the Illuminati scare of 1798, people across the United States began a slow but profound shift in attitudes toward religion and government.

106) How long did it take for the last state to disestablish an official religion?

It took 57 years for the last state, Massachusetts, to stop supporting an official religious denomination, with the process concluding in 1833.
The process of disestablishment began after 1776, when all thirteen states either had established churches or required a certain faith for officeholders.

107) What was the last state to disestablish?

The last state to disestablish an official religious denomination was Massachusetts, in 1833.

108) The US was Anglican before the revolution. What was it after?

After the Revolution, the U.S. had no single official religion.
States initially kept established churches, but a gradual process of disestablishment followed.
The First Amendment (1791) prohibited a federal religion, and states continued this process until Massachusetts, the last one, ceased support in 1833.

109) How many people did it take in a church to gain tax support from the state?

In South Carolina, after it dropped denominational restrictions in its 1778 constitution, any church consisting of at least fifteen adult males could become "incorporated" and recognized for tax purposes as a state-supported church.

110) Which state started the deestablishment movement?

South Carolina

111) Between 1780 and 1840, what grew, yet continued to not meet the requirements?

Between 1780 and 1840, new Christian denominations proliferated, meaning many more Christians fell outside the minimal requirements that defined acceptable Christianity in many states.

112) The Constitution only restricted what system of government from establishing an official religion?

The Constitution, specifically the religious freedom clause in the Bill of Rights, limited the federal government from establishing an official religion.
It did not initially prevent state governments from supporting an established church.

113) Which two founding fathers supported the disestablishment movement?

Thomas Jefferson and James Madison

114) What document did Thomas Jefferson write about religious freedom?

Statute for Religious Freedom

115) When did the government confirm separation between church and state?

The principle that the national government should not have an official religion was agreed upon at the Constitutional Convention of 1787 and upheld in 1791

IX. The Election of 1800:

116) What year did the Alien and Sedition Acts end?

The Alien and Sedition Acts expired in 1800 and 1801.

117) Were the Alien and Sedition Acts effective?

No, the Alien and Sedition Acts were relatively ineffective at suppressing dissent. Instead, they inspired loud reactions and helped many Americans decide what they did not want from their national government.

118) Who won the election of 1800?

Thomas Jefferson

119) What is the significance of the election of 1800?

The newly formed United States navigated a tumultuous period establishing its federal government through the Constitution, contending with domestic uprisings like Shays's and the Whiskey Rebellions, and fostering partisan divisions over economic and foreign policies.
This era also saw the nation define its sovereignty through the War of 1812 and confront unresolved tensions surrounding slavery, religious freedom, and Native American land rights.

120) Who was the election of 1800 between?

The election of 1800 was primarily between John Adams, the incumbent Federalist president, and Thomas Jefferson, the Democratic-Republican candidate.

121) How many electoral votes did Jefferson and Burr get?

In the election of 1800, Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr each received seventy-three electoral votes.

122) Since the electoral college ended in a tie, where did the vote go?

In the election of 1800, when the Electoral College resulted in a tie between Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr, the tie-breaking vote went to the House of Representatives, as per the Constitution's original rules.

123) How many times did the house vote a tie?

The House, controlled by Federalists, voted dozens of times before Thomas Jefferson ultimately emerged victorious.

124) On what vote did the house elect Thomas Jefferson as the third president?

The thirty-sixth ballot.

125) What is the nickname of the election of 1800?

The election of 1800 is often referred to as the "bloodless revolution" or the "Revolution of 1800."

126) When was the 12th amendment ratified?

June 15, 1804.

127) What does the 12th amendment do?

It changed the rules for presidential elections by requiring electors to cast separate ballots for President and Vice President.

128) How did Thomas Jefferson try to reduce the power of the supreme court?

By attempting to decrease federal influence and, notably, by refusing to deliver judicial commissions for Adams's "midnight appointments," which led to the Marbury v. Madison case.

129) In Jefferson’s first address, he offered what to the Federalists?

An olive branch (symbol of peace).

130) What was the important Supreme Court case in 1803?

Marbury v. Madison.

131) Who used the Supreme Court case Marbury VS. Madison to establish a large precedent?

Chief Justice John Marshall used the Marbury v. Madison case in 1803 to establish the major precedent of judicial review.

132) What was it called when Adams appointed judges and Federalists to empty seats on his last night in office?

“Midnight appointments”

133) What was the Marbury VS. Madison case about?

The Marbury v. Madison case stemmed from President Adams's "midnight appointments" of Federalists to judicial posts, whose commissions were then refused by President Jefferson and Secretary of State James Madison, leading William Marbury to sue the government.
Chief Justice John Marshall, while ruling against Marbury on the commissions, significantly established the principle of judicial review

134) How did the Supreme Court rule in this case?

In the Marbury v. Madison case, the Supreme Court, led by Chief Justice John Marshall, ruled in favor of the Jefferson administration regarding the delivery of the judicial commissions.

135) What did this case establish?

The Marbury v. Madison case established the principle of judicial review, which grants the Supreme Court the right to decide whether an act of Congress violates the U.S. Constitution.

I. Introduction:

136) What is the significance of the election of 1800?

The early United States faced challenges in establishing a strong federal government, evidenced by events like Shays's and the Whiskey Rebellions, while intense political divisions between Federalists and Republicans shaped its evolving democracy.

II. Free/Enslaved Black Americans + Challenge to Slavery:

137) What was Gabriel’s Rebellion?

Gabriel's Rebellion was a planned slave revolt in Virginia in 1800, led by an enslaved man named Gabriel, which aimed to end slavery but was exposed, leading to the capture and execution of its leaders.

138) What day was Gabriel’s rebellion supposed to happen?

Gabriel's Rebellion was initially planned to occur in late August 1800. Specifically, on August 30, two enslaved men revealed the plot, and due to bad weather, Gabriel and other leaders postponed the attack until the next night.

139) Why was the rebellion postponed/cancelled?

Gabriel's Rebellion was initially postponed due to bad weather. However, it was effectively canceled or thwarted because two enslaved men revealed the plot to their enslaver, who then notified authorities.

140) How many slaves were executed due to their plans?

Gabriel, along with twenty-five other enslaved men, was executed due to their involvement in the rebellion plans.

141) What is the significance/long-term effects of Gabriel’s Rebellion?

Gabriel’s Rebellion challenged white supremacist beliefs by demonstrating the organizational capacity of enslaved Black Virginians, leading to increased restrictions on free people of color by the state government.
Despite its failure, the rebellion, influenced by events like the Haitian Revolution, inspired Black Americans in their fight for freedom and exposed the inherent instability of racial hierarchies.

142) Why did the rebellion scare whites and slave owners?

Gabriel’s Rebellion scared whites and slave owners because it disproved their assumptions about Black inferiority, showing enslaved people were capable of sophisticated, violent revolt. This threat was heightened by awareness of successful uprisings like the Haitian Revolution, inspiring others and demonstrating the failure of information suppression.

143) When was the Haitan Revolution?

1791 to 1804.

144) What was the Haitian Revolution?

A successful slave revolt against French colonial rule in the West Indies (Haiti). This revolution significantly inspired free and enslaved Black Americans while instilling terror in white Americans, and it played a role in Napoleon's decision to sell the Louisiana Territory.

145) In 1829, who called for a resistance to slavery?

In 1829, David Walker, a Black abolitionist in Boston, called for resistance to slavery and racism in his Appeal.

146) Who was the third POC in the US to graduate from college?

John Russwurm

147) Why was the Haitian Revolution dangerous to American society and ideology?

The Haitian Revolution was dangerous to American society and ideology because it terrified white Americans with the prospect of armed Black revolutionaries, challenged white supremacist beliefs, and inspired enslaved and free Black Americans to demand abolition and civil rights.

148) How did white Americans reinstate their superiority over POC in the US?

Americans reinstated their supremacy by enacting stricter laws against free Black individuals, promoting racist propaganda and pseudoscientific racial theories, and embedding the protection of slavery within the Constitution.

149) Who was Henry Moss?

Henry Moss was an enslaved man in Virginia who became widely known in 1792 due to a unique skin condition that caused white spots to appear on his body, eventually turning him visibly white. He leveraged this phenomenon to market himself as "a great curiosity," earning enough money to buy his freedom.

150) How long did it take Henry Moss to turn completely white?

It took Henry Moss "within three years" for his skin to turn visibly white after white spots first appeared on his body in 1792.

151) Dr. Samuel Stanhope Smith and Benjamin Rush used Henry Moss to prove their theory that “blackness” came from what?

Leprosy

152) What did Enlightenment thinkers feel about race?

Enlightenment thinkers fostered beliefs in common humanity and societal progress, yet they also classified racial "types" based on environmental factors. They viewed these differences as a scale of social progress from "civilized" to "primitive," rather than fundamental divisions.

153) Carolus Linneus, Comte de Buffon, and Johann Friedrich created a connection between ________ and ________?

Race and Place

154) What did years in the sun and tropical climate do to skin?

According to Enlightenment thinkers like Carolus Linnaeus, Comte de Buffon, and Johann Friedrich Blumenbach, years under the hot sun and tropical climate of Africa darkened the skin and reconfigured the skulls of the African race.

155) What did Thomas Jefferson say about Native Peoples?

Thomas Jefferson believed that Native Americans could improve and become "civilized."

156) What did Thomas Jefferson say about Black People in the ‘Notes on the State of Virginia’ (1784)?

In his Notes on the State of Virginia (1784), Thomas Jefferson declared that Black people were incapable of mental improvement and that they might even have a separate ancestry, a theory known as polygenesis, or multiple creations.

157) What is polygenesis?

Polygenesis is a theory of multiple creations, which Thomas Jefferson mentioned in his Notes on the State of Virginia (1784) when he suggested that Black people might have a separate ancestry.

158) What did Benjamin Banneker write to Thomas Jefferson about POC?

Benjamin Banneker wrote to Thomas Jefferson, demanding that he "eradicate that train of absurd and false ideas" and instead embrace the belief that all people are "all of one flesh" and with "all the same sensations and endowed . . . with the same faculties."

159) What did Thomas Jefferson’s defenders say about black people?

Thomas Jefferson's defenders, such as Charles Caldwell and Samuel George Morton, offered a "biological" case for Black and white people not only having separate creations (polygenesis) but actually being different species. While few Americans fully subscribed to the theory of different species, many shared beliefs in white supremacy.

160) People did not subscribe to the defender's theories, but what did they believe in?

While few Americans fully subscribed to the biological theories put forth by Jefferson's defenders like Charles Caldwell and Samuel George Morton, many shared beliefs in white supremacy.

161) Why did white people have to acknowledge that the black population was whitening?

White Americans were forced to acknowledge the 'whitening' of the Black population because it resulted from sexual violence, rather than environmental factors, which contradicted earlier theories that suggested environmental improvements could 'whiten' nonwhite races.

162) Why was it whitening?

Due to sexual violence

III. Jeffersonian Republicanism:

163) What group of people benefited from Jefferson’s election into office?

Jefferson's election to the presidency in 1800 primarily benefited non-elite white Americans, as it represented their bid to assume more direct control over the government, challenging the Federalist vision of rule by aristocratic elites.

164) What did the Federalists say about Jefferson (a democratic republican) taking office?

Federalists feared Jefferson's presidency would lead to a slide "down into the mire of a democracy" and potential anarchy, as it shifted power away from aristocratic elites. They used harsh rhetoric, predicting social chaos and launching personal attacks against him.

165) What was another word Jefferson used for president?

Jefferson used the term “Chief-magistrate” to refer to the president.

166) What did Jefferson feel the duty of the Chief Magistrate was?

Jefferson believed the duty of the Chief-magistrate was “to unite in himself the confidence of the whole people.”

167) What did Jefferson link his successes/triumphs to?

Jefferson linked his triumphs, specifically the election of 1800, to the political engagement

168) How was the “revolution of 1800 fought? (Looking for a quote)

Jefferson described the “revolution of 1800” as being accomplished not “by the sword” but “by the rational and peaceable instrument of reform, the suffrage of the people.”

169) Why did Jefferson want a democratic republic to work?

Jefferson wanted a democratic republic to work to convince Americans and the world that a government answering directly to the people would lead to lasting national union, not anarchic division, and to prove that free people could govern themselves democratically.

170) How did Jefferson define the American Union?

Jefferson defined the American union by the voluntary bonds of fellow citizens toward one another and toward the government.

171) How did Federalists define the American Union?

Federalists, in contrast, defined the American union by expansive state power and public submission to the rule of aristocratic elites.

172) What were the three places the nation drew its energy and strength from?

Jefferson believed the American nation drew its “energy” and its strength from the “confidence” of a “reasonable” and “rational” people.

173) How did Jefferson make the Federalists mad?

Thomas Jefferson angered Federalists by restricting federal power, cutting the military, and implementing policies such as the Louisiana Purchase and the Embargo Act of 1807, which they viewed as constitutional overreach and economically damaging.

174) The defeat of Adams/Federalists in the election of 1800 allowed citizens to express their desire for what?

The defeat of Adams and the Federalists in the election of 1800 allowed citizens to express their willingness to assert greater direct control over the government as citizens.

175) Due to women's role in the American Revolution, what role did they play in the ratification of the Constitution?

Women played a role in the ratification of the Constitution by contributing to public debates and being urged to participate in discussions, as seen with figures like Mercy Otis Warren.

176) What was republican motherhood?

Republican Motherhood was the early American belief that women were essential in nurturing the principles of liberty and virtue in the citizenry, by passing these values along to their children.

177) Since the roles of women became politicized, what happened to their rights with the ratification of the Constitution?

Despite their newly politicized roles, particularly in "Republican Motherhood," women gained no new direct political rights with the Constitution's ratification; voting and governmental participation largely remained restricted to men.

IV. Jefferson as President:

178) What were Jefferson’s main policies as president?

Jefferson's main policies as president included: reducing taxes and the government's budget, restricting the regular army, reducing the national debt, authorizing the Louisiana Purchase in 1803, and implementing the Embargo Act of 1807 as a policy of "peaceable coercion" during European conflicts.

179) What did he cut down on?

He cut down on: the government's overall budget and taxes, and national defense, specifically reducing the standing army to three thousand men and eliminating all internal taxes during his first term.

180) Since the US was currently at peace, how did this allow for Jefferson to cut the national defense budget and reduce taxes internally?

His belief that the United States could live in peace, unlike England with its military empire, allowed him to cut the national defense budget and eliminate internal taxes, as he saw no need for extensive military spending or the associated taxation when the nation was not at war.

181) When was the Louisiana Purchase?

The Louisiana Purchase occurred in 1803.

182) What was the Louisiana Purchase?

The Louisiana Purchase was the acquisition of the Louisiana Territory from France, which significantly expanded the size of the United States. It is considered the largest real estate deal in American history.

183) Who did Jefferson buy the Louisiana territory from?

Jefferson bought the Louisiana Territory from France (specifically, from Napoleon Bonaparte's government).

184) The Louisiana Purchase is still the largest _____________ deal in American history?

The Louisiana Purchase is still the largest real estate deal in American history.

185) Why did Jefferson purchase the Louisiana Territory?

Jefferson purchased the Louisiana Territory primarily to secure American access to the crucial port of New Orleans and for the opportunity to expand the nation's territory. This opportunity arose when France, facing war in Europe and a slave insurrection in Haiti, offered to sell the vast territory.

186) How much did he buy the Louisiana Territory for?

Jefferson acquired the Louisiana Territory from France for $15 million, which is roughly equivalent to $250 million today.

187) Why did Jefferson ask his cabinet about the Louisiana Purchase?

Jefferson asked his cabinet about the constitutionality of the Louisiana Purchase because the Constitution did not explicitly authorize Congress or the President to acquire new territory.
He felt he was obliged to operate outside the strict limitations of the Constitution if the good of the nation was at stake, believing his ultimate responsibility was to the American people.

188) What were the Embargo Acts of 1807?

The Embargo Act of 1807 was a policy enacted by President Jefferson that closed American ports to all foreign trade.
The goal was to avoid war with European nations, particularly Great Britain and France, who were seizing American ships and impressing American sailors. Jefferson hoped that by withholding commerce, European nations would be forced to respect American neutrality.

189) Why did Spanish, British, and French ships attack our neutral ships?

European ships, primarily British, attacked American neutral ships due to their refusal to respect U.S. neutrality during the Anglo-French wars, engaging in impressment and trade restrictions.

190) What were the effects of the Embargo Acts?

The Embargo Act of 1807 severely damaged the U.S. economy, drastically reducing exports, encouraging smuggling, expanding governmental powers, and causing widespread negative reactions without significantly impacting European nations.

191) Who financially suffered from the Embargo Acts?

The U.S. economy as a whole, along with President Jefferson's personal finances and American merchants, suffered significantly from the Embargo Act of 1807.

192) Why did the Federalists attack the American Philosophical Society as well as the Study of Natural History?

Federalists attacked the American Philosophical Society and the study of natural history because they believed both were too saturated with Democratic-Republicans.

193) The Federalists felt that there was a decline in what standards for children?

Federalists lamented the alleged decline of educational standards for children.

194) Who published the accusations against Thomas Jefferson for sleeping with Sally Hemings?

James Callender published the accusations against Thomas Jefferson for sleeping with Sally Hemings.

195) What did Callendar call Jefferson?

Callender called Jefferson "our little mulatto president."

196) This scandal compromised Jefferson’s what?

This scandal compromised Jefferson's racial integrity.

197) Who joined Callendar on his accusations?

Callender's accusation joined previous Federalist attacks on Jefferson's racial politics, including a scathing pamphlet by South Carolinian William Loughton Smith.

198) What did a pamphlet by William Loughton Smith (South Carolina - 1796) say about the racial slope?

William Loughton Smith's pamphlet described the principles of Jeffersonian democracy as the beginning of a slippery slope to dangerous racial equality.

199) Why did the Federalists attack Jefferson?

Federalists attacked Jefferson by accusing him of acting against the interests of the public he claimed to serve, using democratic language to allege that his actions undermined the sovereignty of the people.

200) What was the new political slope looking like at the time?

The new political landscape saw both parties embrace citizen involvement; Democratic-Republicans advocated for expanded voting, while Federalists adapted their rhetoric as their elite-led ideology became untenable.

201) How did the Democratic Republican party gain support from the public?

he Democratic-Republican Party gained support from the public by promising to expand voting and promote a more direct link between political leaders and the electorate.

202) Jefferson, Madison, and Monroe sought to expand citizens' role in government by what?

Jefferson, Madison, and Monroe sought to expand citizens' role in government through policies that made it easier for Americans to purchase land.

203) In 1824, how many states had laws on how much land you must own before voting?

By 1824, only three states still had laws about how much property someone had to own before they could vote.

204) Would the Federalists ever regain control over the presidency, or Congress ever again?

No, the Federalists would never again regain dominance over either Congress or the presidency; the last Federalist to run for president, Rufus King, lost in 1816.

205) What was the name of the last Federalist to run for president, and in what year?

The last Federalist to run for president was Rufus King, in 1816.

206) Who did he lose the presidency to?

He lost the presidency to James Monroe.

V. Native American power and the United States:

207) What did the Native Americans and the U.S. negotiate about?

Native Americans and the U.S. negotiated about boundaries, trade, criminal jurisdiction, roads, the sale of liquor, and alliances.

208) What did white Americans call the Native Americans?

White Americans often condemned Native Americans as “savages.”

209) Where were negotiations held between NA nations?

Negotiations between Native American nations and the U.S. were held in Native towns, at neutral sites in borderlands, and in state and federal capitals.

210) What three people were important to at NA negotiations?

-Chiefs

-Skilled Orators (like red-jackets)

-intermediaries or interpreters.

211) What did they talk about at the negotiations?

At the negotiations, they discussed boundaries, trade, criminal jurisdiction, roads, the sale of liquor, and alliances.

212) Who was Tecumseh, and what tribe was he from?

Tecumseh was a Shawnee leader and warrior.

213) Who was Tenskwatawa? Was he a prophet?

Tenskwatawa was Tecumseh's brother and was known as the Prophet.

214) What did Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa wish for?

Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa wished for an alliance of North America's Indigenous populations to halt the encroachments of the United States.
Tenskwatawa also sought to return Native peoples to their true path and rid their communities of Euro-American influences, while Tecumseh aimed to restore Native lands to their rightful owners.

215) Where did they create towns?

Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa created towns in present-day Indiana, first at Greenville, then at Prophetstown.

216) What treaty did this violate?

This act was in defiance of the Treaty of Greenville (1795).

217) What did Tecumseh preach for when he travelled to other NA nations?

When Tecumseh traveled to other Native American nations, he preached for unification, resistance, and the restoration of sacred power.

218) What did Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa create?

Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa created an alliance/confederacy of North America’s Indigenous populations.

219) Who was Neolin, and what was he the master of?

Neolin was the Delaware prophet. Through him, the "Master of Life" (the Great Spirit) conveyed messages.

220) What tribe was Neolin from?

Neolin was from the Delaware tribe.

221) Who did Neolin influence?

Neolin influenced Pontiac, an Ottawa (Odawa) war chief, and encouraged Native peoples to resist European dependency and renew their culture.

222) Who was Pontiac?

Pontiac was an Ottawa (Odawa) war chief who was influenced by Neolin's message and led a confederacy of Native peoples in attacks against British forts and people during Pontiac's War (1763-1765).

223) What tribe was Pontiac from?

Pontiac was from the Ottawa (Odawa) tribe

224) What did Tecumseh and his confederacy push for?

Tecumseh and his confederacy pushed for an alliance of North America's Indigenous populations to halt the encroachments of the United States.
They called for unification, resistance, and the restoration of sacred power, with Tecumseh specifically aiming to return Native lands to their rightful owners.

225) Where was Neolin’s message big?

Neolin's message was particularly effective in the Ohio and Upper Susquehanna Valleys.

226) What was a polyglot community within NA nations?

Within Native American nations, a polyglot community referred to groups of Indigenous refugees and migrants from across eastern North America who lived together, such as those in the Ohio and Upper Susquehanna Valleys.

227) What two forces joined in order to go against British forts?

-Pontiac’s ________militant leadership________

-Neolin’s ______message/vision___________

228) From 1763-1765, what area was a war zone between Natives and British?

From 1763-1765, the Great Lakes, Ohio Valley, and Upper Susquehanna Valley areas were a war zone between Native Americans (Pontiac's confederacy) and the British.

229) List the other Native American prophets who kept Neolin’s message alive from 1765 to 1811:

Maya-Ga-Why (Ottowa)
Haudenosaunee (Iriquois)
Mad dog (Creek)
Painted Pole (Shawnee)
Coocoochee (Mohawk)
Main Poc (Patowatomi)
Handsome Lake (Seneca)

230) What was the coalition of Native tribes who fought against the American republic?

231) Although the Native American coalition lost, how did they damage the American troops?

Although the Native American coalition (the Western Confederacy) ultimately suffered defeat at the Battle of Fallen Timbers in 1794, they achieved several military victories against the American republic, including the destruction of two American armies, which forced President Washington to reformulate federal policy.

232) What did Tenskwatawa stress/preach?

Tenskwatawa stressed the need for cultural and religious renewal. He preached that he and Tecumseh were entrusted by the Master of Life to return Native peoples to the one true path and rid Native communities of corrupting Euro-American influences.

233) What did Tenskwatawa see in his apocalyptic visions?

In his apocalyptic visions, Tenskwatawa saw that he and his followers would usher in a new world and restore Native power to the continent.

234) The lack of allies in which area of the US hindered the spread of Tecumseh’s confederacy?

The lack of allies in the Southeast hindered the spread of Tecumseh’s confederacy.

235) In what battle did Tecumseh’s confederacy fall apart?

Tecumseh's confederacy floundered after the loss at the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811.

236) When did Tecumseh die, and where?

Tecumseh died in October 1813 on the battlefields of Moraviantown, Ontario.

237) When did Jefferson leave office?

Jefferson retired from the presidency in 1808.

238) When did Congress end the Embargo Acts?

Congress ended the Embargo Act soon after Jefferson retired from the presidency in 1808, specifically repealing it within fifteen months after its implementation (which was in 1807).

239) What was impressment?

Impressment was the British practice of forcing American sailors to join the British Navy.

240) What percent of sailors were British working for America?

Around 30 percent of sailors employed on American merchant ships were British.

241) How could people become citizens of the US?

According to the American notion, people could become citizens of the U.S. by renouncing their allegiance to their home nation.

242) How many American soldiers were taken due to impressment by the British, from the years 1803-1812?

Between 1803 and 1812, some six thousand American sailors were impressed by the British.

243) In 1806, Great Britain demanded that all neutral ships must go where and do what before going to France?

In 1806, Great Britain demanded that neutral ships first carry their goods to Britain to pay a transit duty before they could proceed to France.

244) How many American ships were seized from 1807 to 1817 by the French + British?

From 1807 to 1812, Britain, France, and their allies seized about nine hundred American ships.

245) How did the Embargo Acts affect exports in the US?

The Embargo Act caused a deep depression in the U.S. economy, driving exports down from 108 million to 22 million in 1808.

246) What did the Embargo Acts create?

The Embargo Act created a deep depression in the U.S. economy and a significant drop in exports, although it was intended as a means of nonviolent conflict resolution.

247) The British were allied with whom?

The British were allied with Native Americans in the Old Northwest.

248) What did the British supply the NA’s with?

The British supplied the Native Americans with goods and weapons.

249) Who had a majority in Congress at the time?

-House = 75%

-Senate = 82%

250) Who were the two main Warhawks?

The two main War Hawks mentioned were Henry Clay of Kentucky and John C. Calhoun of South Carolina.

251) What were Warhawks?

The "War Hawks" were a group of Democratic-Republicans, many of whom were young and did not remember the horrors of the American Revolution. They were willing to risk another war with Britain to vindicate the nation's rights and independence.

252) When did Madison write a letter to Congress proposing war?

Madison drafted a statement of the nation's disputes with the British and asked Congress for a war declaration on June 1, 1812.

253) Why did Madison write a letter to Congress?

Madison wrote the letter to Congress, convinced by the War Hawks in his party, to propose a war declaration to resolve the nation's disputes with the British, including issues like impressment and British support for Native Americans.

254) When did the War of 1812 officially start?

The War of 1812 officially started when Madison signed a declaration of war on June 18, 1812.

255) Who was the war of 1812 between?

The War of 1812 was primarily between the United States and Great Britain.

256) Who was brought into the war of 1812 by the British?

The British brought Native American groups, such as Tecumseh and his Confederacy, into the War of 1812.

257) What were the three states of the war of 1812?

-The atlantic theatre

-The second stage (from early 1813 to 1814)

-The Southern Theater

258) What was the Atlantic Theatre?

The Atlantic Theater was the first stage of the war, lasting until the spring of 1813. During this time, Great Britain was chiefly occupied in Europe against Napoleon, and the United States invaded Canada and sent its fledgling navy against British ships.

259) What happened from 1813 to 1814?

From early 1813 to 1814, which was the second stage of the war, the United States launched its second offensive against Canada and the Great Lakes, achieving its first successes.

260) What was the Southern Theatre?

The Southern Theater was the third stage of the war. It concluded with Major General Andrew Jackson's victory outside New Orleans, Louisiana, in January 1815, which occurred after the Treaty of Ghent had been signed.

261) What areas were the US worried about during the war?

During the War of 1812, the United States was particularly worried about Canada and the Great Lakes borderlands, especially after losing control over Detroit and parts of the Michigan Territory. Later, the British burned Washington, D.C., and opened a new theater of operations in the South, leading to concern over areas like New Orleans.

262) What were the two main naval battles of the war?

The attack of the USS Chesapeake by the HMS Shannon on June 1, 1813.
The USS Constitution squaring off with the HMS Guerriere.

263) When did Francis Scott Key write the Star Spangled Banner (after what battle)

Battle of Champlain (victory) of 1814

264) After the defeat of Napoleon in 1814, this allowed Great Britain to do what?

This allowed for the British to now focus on the war in the US

265) What treaty ended the War of 1812?

Treaty of Ghent

266) How did the Federalists try and stay relevant?

They met in Hartford, CT in order to say that 3/5th slavery representation was incorrect.

267) What did the Federalists propose?

That congress needs a ⅔ majority vote rather than just 51% in order to reduce the powers of the Democratic Republicans.

268) Where did the Federalists meet?

Hartford, CT.

269) With the Federalists' proposal not being ratified, what did this tell the Federalists?

They needed to lose the aristocratic image they have in order to make it more realistic and viable for the average citizens.

270) Who was the next president of the US, following Monroe?

John Quincy Adams

271) What role did Quincy Adams play in Monroe’s cabinet?

Secretary of State

272) What were the long-term effects of the War of 1812?

This increased patriotism and nationalism within the country.

273) How did Secretary of Treasury Albert Gallatin revive national feelings?

He used capitalism and nationalism to boost the economy.

274) After the War of 1812, what did the US continue to do?

Encroach into native lands.

275) What was the American System?

A system of roads, canals, bridges, etc to connect the developing country.

276) Who proposed it?

Calhoun (SC) + Clay (KY)

277) What was wrong with the American System?

People felt that it was unconstitutional

278) Why did people feel it was unconstitutional?

because it would increase the federal power

279) What was Monroe’s ultimatum?

Monroe's ultimatum was the Monroe Doctrine, issued in 1823, which declared that the United United States considered its entire hemisphere (both North and South America) off-limits to new European colonization.

280) Even though Monroe was a Jeffersonian, what sort of policies did he echo?

Even though Monroe was a Jeffersonian, he echoed Federalist policies by advocating for a strong military and an aggressive foreign policy, contrasting with Jefferson's approach of cutting the military and ending internal taxes.

281) What did Monroe do with the American System?

Monroe supported the principles of the American System by authorizing the federal government to invest in canals and roads.

Supreme Court Cases:

282) Marbury v. Madison

Adams appoints Marbury- Madison refuses to give him letter

Marbury sues to become justice of the peace for DC
Congress could not force president to do something
Establishes Judicial Review

283) McColloch v. Maryland

MD state bank in competition with US Bank
Maryland increases taxes on US Banks
Supreme Ct.- “The power to tax is the power to destroy”
Increases the power of the Nat’l gov’t over the states

284) Gibbons v. Ogden

Two men given charters for a ferry service- NY and Congress
NY courts said theirs was valid
Supreme Ct. ruled Congress had more power than states

Increased power of Congress to regulate interstate commerce

285) Woodward v. Dartmouth College

Board of Trustees wanted to force the college to become public
Charter signed when NH was a (British) colony
Ruled that states couldn't interfere with private contracts
Limited the power of the state/helped with business confidence