Technology plays a crucial role in mitigating the impacts of natural events and improving agricultural practices. Advancements in areas like weather forecasting, precision agriculture, and genetic engineering enable farmers to better prepare for and manage extreme weather, optimize resource use, and enhance crop resilience

Food groups

Major food groups include

Vegetables
Fruits
Grains
Protein foods
Dairy

Food preservation techniques have a long history, with evidence suggesting practices like drying, salting, and fermentation were used as early as 12,000 BC. These early methods aimed to extend the shelf life of food and ensure food security. Later, advancements in canning and refrigeration revolutionized food preservation in the 19th and 20th centuries, respectively.

Microbes

Microbes, also known as microorganisms, are tiny living things that are too small to be seen with the naked eye. They encompass a wide range of life forms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa

Microorganisms in the environment have both beneficial and harmful effects. They play crucial roles in nutrient cycling, food production, and waste treatment, while also causing diseases and food spoilage

Microorganisms are used in a wide variety of applications, including food production, waste treatment, environmental remediation, research, and even in some cases, as bioweapons. They are crucial for maintaining soil fertility, decomposing organic matter, and are essential for many industrial processes like brewing and bread making.

Digestive system

The digestive system consists of the elementary canal the organs needed for this system are Mouth, Oesophagus, Stomach, Liver, Duodenum, Small intestine, Large intestine

Mouth:

Food is broken up into smaller parts using your teeth
The saliva and food makes a smooth lump called bolves

Oesophagus:

25cm tube
Bolus is moved down by wave-like contractions and expansions of muscles called peristalsis
The peristalsis process is very strong it can occur even when the body is upside down

Stomach:

J shaped organ with a capacity of 2L
The acid in the stomach chemically digest the food
The entrance and exit of the stomach are sealed by muscles

Liver:

Converts glucose into glycogen, glycogen is then stored in the liver
The liver also stores vitamins that are needed for the red blood cells
The production of bile also helps break down fats

Duodenum:

Start of the small intestine
2 small tubes come together from the pancreas and gall bladder to allow chemicals like bile into the small intestine

Small intestine:

Length of 4-6m
The small intestine digests and absorbs the nutrition inside the food
The nutrients are absorbs by small bums inside the small intestine called villi

Large intestine:

1.5m long
Produces faeces where it is later released out the anus
Absorbs excess water from the food

Enzymes are biological proteins that accelerate chemical reactions inside the stomach to remove unwanted bacteria and viruses

Digestive disorders

Diarrhoea
Heartburn
Vomiting
Stomach ulcers

Circulatory system

The circulatory system refers to the pumping of blood from the heart to the body and back.

Blood flow through the heart starts when the right atrium receives blood through the superior or inferior vena cava. As the right atrium fills with blood the pressure causes the tricuspid valve to open. The blood then goes into the right ventricle where it contracts the blood into the pulmonary arteries. These arteries lead to the lungs where the blood is oxygenated. The oxygenated blood then flows from the lungs to the left atrium through the pulmonary veins.

Due to pressure the mitral (or bicuspid) valve opens up and pushes the blood into the left ventricle. The left ventricle then contracts and forces the blood through the aorta, which provides the rest of the body with blood.

Organs include

Heart
Blood vessels

The oxygenated blood travels through the arteries to be distributed throughout the body

The blood can also enter capillaries where it can easily pass nutrients and oxygen in and out of the blood stream

The deoxygenated blood then travels back to the heart via the veins to be reoxygenated

Excretory system

Excretion is the removal of waste from an organism. Waste that are removed include carbon dioxide, water, salt, urea and uric acid.

Lungs of the excretory system

Lungs - removal of excess carbon dioxide
Liver - produces urea and uric acid
Skin - removal of waste
Urinary system - kidneys filter the blood to form urine

Skeletal muscular system

The skeletal system is a network of bones and cartilage that support muscles and organs

Types of skeleton…

Exoskeleton = Covers the outer surface of an animal
Endoskeleton = Present inside the body

Human skeleton has 5 different parts

Skull
Vertebral column (spine)
Rib cage
Limbs
Girdle

When bones connect it's called joints

Fibrous joints -> Immovable joints

Cartilaginous joints -> Slightly moveable joints

Synovial joints -> Freely moveable joints

Types of synovial joints

Hinge
Pivot
Ball and socket
Ellipsoid
Saddle
Plane

Respiratory system

The respiratory system is the part of your body that helps you breathe. It brings oxygen into your body and get rid of carbon dioxide

Oxygen is needed by your cells to release energy from food. Carbon dioxide is a waste gas that needs to be removed from your body

Nose or Mouth – Air enters here.
Trachea – Also called the windpipe; carries air to the lungs.
Bronchi – Two tubes that split from the trachea, one goes to each lung.
Bronchioles – Smaller tubes in the lungs.
Alveoli – Tiny air sacs where gas exchange happens (oxygen in, carbon dioxide out).

Gas Exchange:

Oxygen from the air moves into the blood and carbon dioxide from the blood movers into the lungs to be breathed out this process takes place in the alveoli

Reproductive system

There are 2 types of reproduction

Asexual: - reproduces by itself

- offsprings look identical to the parents

- e.g. plants and bacteria

Sexual: - offspring is produced when male and female cells combine

- sex cells are called gametes

- offsprings are not identical to the parents

Male reproductive system

Penis – Used to pass urine and release sperm.
Testes (Testicles) – Make sperm and the hormone testosterone.
Scrotum – The skin sack that holds the testes outside the body.
Sperm Ducts – Carry sperm from the testes to the penis.
Urethra – A tube inside the penis that carries urine or sperm (not at the same time).

Female reproductive system

Vagina – The passage where the penis enters during reproduction and where a baby leaves the body.
Uterus (Womb) – Where a baby grows during pregnancy.
Ovaries – Make eggs (ova) and the hormone oestrogen.
Fallopian Tubes – Carry eggs from the ovaries to the uterus.
Cervix – The lower part of the uterus that opens into the vagina.