AP World History Unit 1.3: Developments in South and Southeast Asia (1200-1450)

Key Themes

• Cultural Exchange: Increased interactions through trade routes led to the exchange of ideas, religions, and technologies.

• Political Structures: Rise of regional powers and empires, with varying governance styles.

• Religious Influence: Spread of major religions, including Hinduism, Buddhism, and Islam.

Major Developments

1. Political Entities

• Delhi Sultanate (1206-1526): Established by Muslim invaders; marked the beginning of Islamic rule in India.

  • Cultural Syncretism: Blending of Hindu and Islamic cultures.

  • Administrative Innovations: Introduction of new tax systems and military organization.

• Vijayanagara Empire (1336-1646): A Hindu kingdom in South India.

  • Cultural Flourishing: Promotion of art, architecture, and literature.

  • Trade Networks: Engaged in extensive trade with Southeast Asia and the Middle East.

• Srivijaya Empire: A maritime and commercial kingdom based on Sumatra, Indonesia.

  • Buddhist Influence: Promoted Buddhism throughout Southeast Asia.

  • Trade Hub: Controlled trade routes between India and China.

2. Religious Developments

• Hinduism: Continued to dominate in India, with the development of various sects and practices.

• Buddhism: Experienced a decline in India but thrived in Southeast Asia, especially in kingdoms like Srivijaya.

• Islam: Rapid spread through trade and conquest; established a significant presence in the Indian subcontinent.

3. Economic Changes

• Trade Networks: Expansion of maritime trade routes connecting South Asia with the Middle East, Africa, and East Asia.

  • Spices, textiles, and precious stones: Major exports from the region.

• Agricultural Innovations: Introduction of new crops and irrigation techniques, enhancing agricultural productivity.

4. Cultural Developments

• Art and Architecture: Flourishing of regional styles, including:

  • Hindu Temples: Elaborate carvings and sculptures.

  • Islamic Architecture: Construction of mosques and forts, blending local styles with Islamic elements.