Joints Lecture pt2

Joint Movements

• Types of Movement

  • Supination & Pronation

    • Supination: Palms facing up (anatomical position)

    • Pronation: Palms facing down (backwards/down)

  • Supination and pronation are specific to the radius and ulna.

  • Important for understanding arm and hand movements.

• Head and Neck Movements

  • Flexion: Chin to chest, decreasing the angle of the neck.

  • Extension: Returning to anatomical position.

  • Hyperextension: Movement beyond anatomical position, can lead to injury.

• Trunk Movements

  • Forward Flexion: Decreasing angle in the trunk, involved in activities like crunches.

  • Lateral Flexion: Side bending of the trunk.

  • Rotation: Movement of the trunk towards (internal rotation) or away (external rotation) from the midline.

Special Movements

• Mandibular Movements

  • Protraction & Retraction: Movements of the mandible forward and backward.

  • Medial & Lateral Excursion: Side-to-side movement of the mandible, important in chewing.

• Ulnar & Radial Movements

  • Ulnar Deviation: Movement towards the ulnar side (medial).

  • Radial Deviation: Movement towards the radial side (lateral).

• Finger Movements

  • Flexion/Extension of the fingers at different joints.

  • Abduction/Adduction: Movement away from (abduction) or towards (adduction) the midline of the hand.

• Thumb Movements

  • Flexion/Extension respectively towards and away from the palm.

  • Opposition: Thumb touching other fingers, significant in grasping.

  • Reposition: Returning thumb to anatomical position.

Ankle and Foot Movements

• Dorsiflexion & Plantarflexion

  • Dorsiflexion: Toes move towards the tibia, decreasing the angle at the ankle.

  • Plantarflexion: Toes point downward (e.g., standing on tiptoes).

• Inversion/Eversion of the Foot

  • Inversion: Turning the sole of the foot inwards (medial aspect).

  • Eversion: Turning the sole outwards (lateral aspect).

Joint Classifications and Health

• Types of Joints

  • Amphiarthrosis: Slight movement (e.g., pubic symphysis).

  • Diarthrosis: Freely movable (e.g., synovial joints).

  • Fibrous Joints: Little to no movement (e.g., sutures).

• Common Joint Injuries

  • Sprains: Overstretched or torn ligaments.

    • Graded based on severity: can vary from minor stretches to complete tears.

  • Dislocations: Bones out of alignment, necessitating reduction.

  • Cartilage Injuries: Harder to heal due to lack of vascularization.

  • Bursitis & Tendonitis: Inflammation of bursae and tendon sheaths respectively.

  • Arthritis Types:

    • Osteoarthritis: Wear and tear associated with age/overuse.

    • Rheumatoid Arthritis: Autoimmune disorder causing joint inflammation.

    • Gouty Arthritis: Uric acid build-up leading to severe pain, often in the great toe.