bio 101

Basics :Elements : Pure Substance - These are represented by symbols.Ex: O > OxygenMolecules : Multiple of the same type of element bonded togetherEx: O2 (2 Oxygens)Compounds : Diferent types of elements bonded togetherEx: H20 , Carbon Dioxide (02,C)TYPES OF ELEMENTS : Oxygen (O), Sodium (Na) , Potassium (K), Magnesium (Mg) , Calcium(Ca)TYPES OF COMPOUNDS : H20 (Water), Phosphate (PO4) , Carbon Dioxide (CO2)Acids and Bases :PH measure weather something is acid or basic.NEUTRAL pH IS 7Normal BLOOD pH is 7.35-7.45The LOWER the number is more ACID something isThe HIGHER the number is the more BASIC or “alkalotic” something isLEFT IS ACID, NEUTRAL IS THE MIDDLE, BASIC IS THE RIGHTMacronutrients :Macronutrients : are components of food the body uses for energy and maintaining structure.Lipids : Are fats (Oils, animal fat from meat, avocados, nuts, cheese, and butter) - STOREGLUCOSE, when fat cells break down, glucose is release.Carbohydrates : Bread, sugars, and fruits - GIVE THE MOST ENERGY (carbs breakdownglucose and use it for energy)Proteins Meat, Legumes, Eggs - Protein is used for recoveryDifusion - IS when a element moves from higher to lower concentrationTYPES OF CELLS :Nervous, Blood, Fat, Epithelial (skin), Immune, Sex, Bone, and Muscle.STEM CELLS - Basic cells that turn into everythingPathogens :Virus - Microscopic organisms that can infect hosts like humans, plants, or animalsInfluenzaCOVIDBacteria - Single cell microorganisms that can be found almost everywhere, including in and onthe human bodyStaphylococcusStreptococciFungi- Any group of spore producing organisms feeding on organic matterYeastCandidiasisTineaMoldHOW ARE INFECTIONS SPREAD?Droplets, Airborne, Direct Contact, Indirect Contact, Waterborne, Foodborne,Insects/VectorborneTHE EYE :Strabismus - Disorder where the eyes dont look in the same direction at the same time.Nystagmus- Involuntary eye movementsCornea - The eye lense. Shaped like a football with vision loseCataract - Cloudy eye lenseTypes of vision Loss / Conditions :Refraction in the bending of light that takes place within the human eye.Astigmatism - Defective curvature of the cornea or the lense of the eyeHyperopia - Farsightedness ( Can see far away but not close)Myopia - Nearsightedness ( Can see close but not far)Presbyopia - Impairment if vision due to old age reducing lense accommodationCataracts - Cloudy lense, seeing through a cloudy lense or frosty fogged window. Can berepaired with surgery.Glaucoma - Increased intracular pressure damages the retina and optic nerve. Measured withtonometer. Treatment is aimed at reducing IOP. This involves several diferent eye drops. Thisleads to peripheral vision lossRetinal Damage - Detachment, diabetes, htn, Leads to TOTAL VISION LOSSMacular Degeneration :Progressive damage to the muscular of the retina. This leads to CENTRAL vision lossDiagnostic Procedures :Visual acuity test : Access clarity of vision (SNELLEN) or alphabetical vision test (STANDARD)Visual field test : measures visual fields when eyes are fixed forward.EAR (Sensory) :Anatomy of the ear - The outer ear receives sound wavesSound waves travel to the middle earSound vibrations reach the inner ear (labyrinth)The bony structure in the inner ear is considered the “cochlea”The ear is responsible for Hearing and EquilibriumOuter Ear : Pinna or auricle ia the projecting flapExternal Auditory Meatus (auditory canal) - is lined with numerous cerumen glands (wax glands)that produce a waxy substance that lubricates and protects the earMiddle ear :Tympanic Membrane (eardrum)MalleusIncusStapesOval WindowEustachian TubeAfter a few days of a runny nose, the lining of your middle ear becomes irritated. The blocksthe eustachian tube which can feel like popping in the ear, fullness, or congestion.Sometimes it results in temporary heating loss called conductive hearing lossInner Ear : LabyrinthCochleaAuditory Nerve fibersBalance and Hearing :Vestibule —---- Vestibulocochlear (Cranial Nerve VIII)Semicircular canalsFluid and hair cells fluctuate in response to movements of the heaf. Transmitted throughnerve fibers to the brain.The brain sends info to the bodys muscles to maintain equilibriumSymptoms of the Ear :Tinnitus - sensation of ringing or buzzing in the earsVertigo - Sensation of irregular motion (whirling) from disease in the inner ear or nervecarrying messages from the semicircular canalsPathology :Deafness - Loss of ability to hearAcoustic neuroma - benign tumor arising from the 8th cranial nerve(VESTIIBULOCOCHLEAR), causes tinnitus, vertigo, dizziness, and decreased hearingOtitis media - inflammation of the middle earNervous System :Central Nervous System -BrainSpinal CordPeripheral Nervous System -12 Cranial NervesSpinal Nerves (31 pairs)Peripheral nerves through the bodyPeripheral nervous systemAutonomic nervous system ( Parasympathetic nerves / Sympathetic Nerves)Autonomic Nervous System :Sympathetic nerves stimulate the body under stress (fight or flight)Parasympathetic nerves balance the sympathetic system (rest and digest)---slow heart rate,lower blood pressureCVA - Cerebrovascular accidentThrombotic - blood clot in the arteries leaving the brain.Embolic- Dislodged blood clot travels to cerebral arteriesHemorrhagic - blood vessel breaks and bleeding occurs.LOBES OF THE BRAIN :ParietalTemporalOccipitalFrontalBRAIN :Cerebrum - Largest section of the brain, Surface nerve cells called cerebral cortex, Managesspeech, vision, smell, movement, hearing, and thought.Cerebellum - Coordinates voluntary movements, maintains bala