PROCESS AND ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION

1. SENDER is the speaker or the communicator who has his/her own purpose, knowledge, interests, attitudes, skills, and credibility.

2. MESSAGE is the idea being transmitted by the sender to the listener. It includes the three (3) aspects of content, structure, and style.

3. CHANNEL is the medium or vehicle through which the message is sent. It may be verbal or visual.

4. RECEIVER is the target of the communication. S/He is the destination of the message, the listener, with his/her own purposes, knowledge and interest levels, attitudes, and listening skills.

5. FEEDBACK is the reaction given by the listener to the sender of the message. It is what completes the communication process.

CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD MESSAGE

1. in-line

2. clear

3. specific

4. significant

5. simply stated

6. accurate

7. timely

CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD COMMUNICATOR

1. objective

2. audience

3. message

4. organization and the treatment of the message

5. professional abilities and limitation

MODELS OF COMMUNICATION

Models of communication - representation of communication systems in different approaches

a. linear- one way communication, does not requires feedback

b. transactional- interpersonal communication

c. interactional - like Transactional, but it is commonly used in a wider platform like the internet

GREEK ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION

Ethos- credibility

Pathos- emotional connection

Logos- logical facts

VERBAL COMMUNICATION

- using speech or spoken word to exchange information, emotions, and thoughts

TIPS ON COMMUNICATING VERBALLY

1. Strive to achieve clarity

2. Respect individual differences

3. Avoid stereotyping

4. Aspire to use comprehensible word to your listener

5. Descriptive

6. Index

7. Avoid Vulgar Language and Profanity

NON VERBAL COMMUNICATION

- This is a type of communication that does not make use of words. The message is communicated by the use of hands, head, feet, and other parts of the human body

TYPES OF NON VERBAL COMMUNICATION

Chronemics - study of time element

haptics- study of touch

Oculetics- eye contact

Proxemics- distance or proximity

kinesics- body movement

objectives- objects or artifacts used in the communication

listening - one of the most important aspects of effective communication. Successful listening means not just understanding the words or the information being communicated but also understanding how the speaker feels about what they are communicating

Managing stress - convey calm and confidence

emotional awareness- ability to understand others emotional cues using non verbal

TENETS AND BARRIERS OF COMMUNICATION

• The term "tenets of communication" refers to the fundamental principles or guiding beliefs that underpin effective and ethical communication.

MCGAANS 4Cs of effective communication

1. commitment

2. consistency

3. context

4. concern

Watzlawick’s 5 Axioms of Communication

1. You can not communicate

2. every interaction has a content dimension and a dimension relationship

3. Every interaction is defined by how it is punctuated.

4. Messages consist of verbal symbols and non-verbal symbols.

5. Interactions are either symmetrical or complementary

BARRIERS OF COMMUNICATION

Barrier of communication, often referred to simply as a "communication barrier," is any factor or obstacle that hinders or disrupts the effective transmission or reception of a message during a communication exchange.

1. LINGUISTIC BARRIER - limited language proficiency, poor grammar/spelling/punctuation, or not having a language in common

2. PSYCHOLOGICAL BARRIER - Influence of psychological state of the communicators (sender and receiver) which creates an obstacle for effective communication.

3. EMOTIONAL BARRIER- mental limitation that prevents you from openly communicating your thoughts and feelings.

4. PHYSICAL BARRIER -Can be defined as an element or a physical factor that acts as a distraction to hinder the flow of communication.

5. CULTURAL BARRIER- Prevent people from different cultures from effectively communicating and working with each other. Can be caused by differences in languages, beliefs, or values.

6. STRUCTURAL BARRIER- Rules, situations, and policies, spoken or unspoken, that interfere with healthy communication and cause conflict.

7. INTERPERSONAL BARRIER - Any negative behavior that hinder you from communicating or discourage others from communicating with you.

8. PERCEPTION BARRIER - Related with the limitations of the human body and the human mind (memory, attention, and perception).

9. TECHNOLOGY BARRIER - Occurs because of a defect in the technology used to communicate.

FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNICATION

1. REGULATION - Refers to the function of communication that controls others by managing their behavior

2. SOCIAL INTERACTION - Refers to the function of communication that is the primary reason as to why people communicate

3. INFORMATION DISSEMINATION - Refers to the function of communication that is used when the speaker wants to provide knowledge and information

4. EMOTIONAL EXPRESSION - Refers to the function of communication that allows the facilitation of people's expression of their feelings

5. MOTIVATION- refers to the function of communication that moves the listener away from his/her own position in life towards the speaker's own position

TYPES OF COMMUNICATION

1. INTRAPERSONAL - communication within one self

2. INTERPERSONAL - face to face interactions between persons

   a. dyadic - communication between two people

   b.triadic- communication between three people

   c. small group - more than three people

3. PUBLIC COMMUNICATION - involves communication between one and several other people

(5) contexts in which communication happens:

1. Psychological – It refers to the participants and what each brings to the interaction. Needs, desires, values, personality, and habits are all forms of psychological context.

2. Relational is concerned with the relations the interactors have toward each other and how close or distant that relationship is.

3. Situational – It deals with the psychosocial “where” the exchange happens.

4. Environmental – It deals with the physical “where” they are communicating. The room arrangement, location, noise level, temperature, and time of day are examples of factors in the environmental context.

5. Cultural – It includes all the learned behaviors and rules that affect interaction. Some come from a culture where it is considered rude to make long, direct eye contact, so they will avoid eye contact out of politeness.

SPEECH STYLE AND CONTEXT

1. Openly Aggressive Behavior

I express my needs, wants, and opinions directly, and I give no thoughts to other people.

2. Assertive Behavior

   I clearly express my needs, wants, and opinions in a considerate way to others.

3. Passive Aggressive Behavior

I make sure that others are aware of my needs, wants, and opinions and that these are more important than theirs.

4. Passive Behavior

I do not express my needs, wants, and opinions directly. I put others’ needs above my own.

Language Register

Register in linguistics is used to indicate degrees of formality in language use. Language register is the level of formality of which one speaks.

TYPES OF LANGUAGE REGISTER

1. CASUAL - Informal language used by peers and friends

2. INTIMATE- this communication is private

3. FROZEN- this style never changes

4. FORMAL - used in formal settings and this is one way

5. CONSULTATIVE- Two-way communication used in conversation with professional discourse is a good example

TYPES OF SPEECH STYLES

• Intimate Style

- is used among intimate family members, lovers, or close friends who do not need complete language with a clear articulation. Rules of grammar are not necessarily followed as they may change the purposive intentions of the intimate style.

• Casual Speech Style

- most common speech style used among friends and coworkers. It includes slang, frequent interruptions, and animated speech. This speech style uses loose sentence structure and vernacular speech.

• Consultative Speech Style

- best used for business and professional relationships. It is characterized by short sentences and less well-planned or spontaneous language. The nature of spontaneity of this speech style makes persons who use it tend to repeat unnecessary words, choose the wrong word, or use slang. Less formal standard English is used in this speech context.

• Formal Speech Style

-is characterized by sharing information using established professional rules, standard English, processes, and procedures. This style avoids the use of slang terminology.

• Frozen Speech Style

- is the most formal speech style usually used in formal contexts such as speech for state ceremonies, court proceedings, religious rituals like weddings (wedding vows), Eucharistic prayer, and liturgies at church. This type of speech style is described as a language that never changes.

PRINCIPLES OF SPEECH WRITING

SPEECH WRITING- Art of the conveying a message to the audience through words.

1. Clarity – It is the characteristic of a written composition that has identified purpose, goal, and detailed descriptions of what you wanted to talk about.

2. Logical organization of ideas – The composition follows this format: introduction – description and statement of goal; body – detailed information needed to make the audience understand your perspectives; and conclusion – the wrap up of the composition,

3. Appropriateness of word choice – The right choice of words is according to the audience but going respectful and authoritative.

4. Accuracy in spelling, capitalization, punctuation, and grammar – If unsure, consult the dictionary and the Internet for correct spelling and rules of capitalization and punctuations.

5. relatable

6. personalize

7.do research

8.make it interactive

SPEECH ACT

In linguistics and the philosophy of language, it is an utterance that has a performative function in language and communication.

TYPES OF SPEECH ACT

1. locution - It is the mere utterance of a string of words with a certain meaning.

2. illocution - It is the act of speaking to interact with the receiver.

3. Perlocution - It is the act of uttering words to affect the behavior or manner of the receiver.

STRATEGIES FOR INFORMAL GROUP DISCUSSIONS

FACILITATORS ROLE - planning

1. COGNITIVE FACTORS

   a. identify and articulate objects

   b. create an inclusive environment

   c. plan by asking questions

   d. provide direction and maintain focus

   e. bring closure

2. SOCIAL/EMOTIONAL

   Know the strengths and weaknesses of your groupmates and assign roles according to what they can do best.

3. PHYSICAL

   Choose a place and seating arrangement where the discussion can take place without distraction if you can

PARTICIPANT’S ROLE - Participants in a healthy group discussion need to play an active role by taking on leadership tasks.

PARLIAMENTARY PROCEDURE FOR FORMAL GROUP DISCUSSIONS

1. Call to order – a signal that the meeting is about to begin

2. Roll call of members present – an attendance sheet may be passed in place of this

3. Reading minutes of the last meeting – the minutes may be circulated beforehand for corrections, comments, and approval to save time

4. Officers or committee reports – as needed or if part of the agenda

5. Special orders – important business previously designated for consideration at the meeting

6. Unfinished business – matter/s that need to be decided on or resolved

7. New business – issues that are up for discussion

8. Announcements – reminders or matter that everyone needs to know

9. Adjournment – formal closing of the meeting.

MOVING MOTIONS

1. Second motions – to approve a motion that has been moved

2. Debate motion – to give issues to be 16voted on

3. Vote on motions – to register approval or dissent on a motion.

There are five (5) methods used for voting by most organizations:

a. By Voice – The chairperson asks those in favor to say “aye” those opposed to say “no.” Any member may move for an exact count.

b. By Roll Call – Each member answers “yes” or “no” as his/her name is called. This is used when a record of each person’s vote is required.

c. By General Consent – When a motion is not likely to be opposed, the chairperson says, “If there is no objection…” The membership shows agreement by their silence; however, if one member says, “I object,” the item must be put to a vote.

d. By Division – This is to verify a vote. It does not require a count unless the chairperson so desires. Members raise their hands or stand.

e. By Ballot – Members write their vote on a slip of paper; this method is used when secrecy is desired.

There are two (2) other motions commonly used in relation to voting:

1. Motion to Table – This motion is often used in the attempt to “kill” a motion.

2. Motion to Postpone Indefinitely – This is often used as a parliamentary strategy and allows opponents of motions to test their strength without an actual vote being taken.

4 TYPES OF SPEECHES ACCORDING TO PURPOSE

• Informative Speech

An informative speech is a common type of speech that educates and provides meaningful information to the audience.

• Persuasive Speech

a persuasive speech, the debater tries to prove their point of view and persuade the audience to agree with them.

• Entertainment Speech

The main purpose of an entertainment speech is to make your audience laugh and have a good time.

• Extemporaneous speech

Are commonly used in educational, business, and political settings. The purpose of an extemporaneous speech is to provide a well-planned, but not fully scripted, message to the audience.

• Manuscript Speech

speeches where the speaker reads every word from a pre-written script.

• Memorized speech

A memorized speech is when a speaker delivers their message without any notes

4 TYPES OF SPEECHES ACCORDING TO OCCASION

• Speeches of Introduction

Speeches of introduction are short speeches delivered by the host to introduce another speaker

• Speeches of presentation

Speeches of presentation are given to present awards or honors to someone

• Speeches of acceptance

Acceptance speech is the perfect complement to a presenting speech.

• Speeches of dedication

example, when a new store opens, a new office is finished, and so on, a dedication speech is delivered.

• Toasts

A toast is a type of speech used to thank, congratulate, or commemorate someone

• Roasts

A roast is a unique speech in that it is intended to laud and lightly ridicule the person being honored simultaneously.

GUIDELINES AND PRINCIPLES FOR EFFECTIVE PUBLIC SPEAKING

• Purposive

Speech must have a purpose: to entertain, inform, or persuade.

• Under pressure

Speaking in public is intimidating. You will feel the pressure not only from the listeners and outsiders, but also from within you. Your negative perception and high personal standards can be very hard on you. Stop thinking that this speech is one that will break you as a person; instead, consider this as an opportunity for the world to hear your voice. Since no one really knows your limitations, you are also the best person who can prove your worth. Mistakes happen, but they are small specks of dust compared to what you can offer to your audience. Remember, being nervous helps you focus and improve your performance.

• Build up

A topic is a germ for speaking and writing that needs to grow. First, you must have something to say about the matter, which will be your thesis statement. Then, support your main idea with details. In addition, “building up” means motivating the audience, sustaining their attention and interest by making your talk engaging, and ending your speech appropriately.

• Logically organized

Arrange your ideas logically, aiming for clarity of presentation. An important part of preparing for your presentation is writing down your ideas in a full outline or a full speech.

• Inspiring

The speech need not be a homily to be inspiring, but it may be something that makes the listeners feel good about themselves, the occasion, and the topic. Although your speech may not be perfect, it should be remembered positively.

• Contextualized

Every speech considers the context and circumstances surrounding it: for whom and for what is your speech or presentation? What is the background of the audience members and the occasion and reason you have to deliver the talk? Context requires adjusting your language and style appropriate to the norms of your target audience

• Sincere

While no one else knows that your knees are shaking and that your stomach is a bit upset because of anxiety, be sincere in delivering your speech and in dealing with people. Aspire to radiate goodwill.

• Performed

Considering public speaking as a performance on stage requires every speaker to be an actor or actress. As such, forget your apprehensions and problems before facing the audience. Put on a convincing face to attract the audience and use both verbal and nonverbal language to impart your message sincerely.

• . Engaging

As you deliver your speech, remember that public speaking is not just a performance but also an opportunity to communicate, to share your ideas and feelings about a certain topic.

• Always prepared

Preparation is key to a successful speech. Practice delivering your speech. Anticipate technical and equipment problems and handle them efficiently when they happen. Maintain tact.

• Keep the audience’s attention

To hook the audience’s attention is one thing, and to maintain it is another. You do not need to be an entertainer, though. Know your topic by heart. Follow the other guidelines and be amazed that your audience listens to you.

• Inclusive

Inclusivity does not only pertain to covering all the main points, their supports, and other details pertinent to your speech. Inclusivity also means considering your audience and distributing your attention among all of them during your actual delivery.

• Not perfect

Although speakers strive for perfection, accept that lapses and the unexpected can happen. They can possibly distract you and make you forget what you are supposed to say. However, competent speakers are not those who do not commit mistakes but those who triumph over such mistakes.

• . Help in gaining confidence

Many people say that you need self-confidence to speak in front of a large crowd, and they are right. However, you also gain confidence when you expose yourself to different opportunities where you can communicate publicly.

SIMPLE RULES FOR BETTER PRESENTATIONS

• Do not read your presentation straight from the slides

Expecting that almost all of the members of the audience can read, it will be a waste of time and energy to read aloud what they can read. Instead of typing out an entire paragraph text, include only the main ideas/keywords or use photos. Engage the audience by sharing details, explanations, and examples.

• Follow the 5/5/5 rule

5/5/5 - No more than five (5) words per line of text and five (5) lines of text per slide - Five text-heavy in a row

6/6–7/7 - No more than six (6) to seven (7) words per line and six (6) to seven (7) lines of text per slide

• Do not forget your audience

Know your audience (age bracket, interests, etc.) and the purpose of the event so you can tailor a presentation that fits the taste and expectations of the audience. You can use humor to lighten up the presentation, but make sure that it is appropriate and not offending.

• Choose readable colors and fonts

The use of text fonts (size and style) should be easy to read and pleasant to look at. Here are some tips in creating a presentation: Font Size – The bigger the room, the bigger the font.

Make sure that the people at the farthest back of the room can still read or see the presentation. The minimum size is 28 for titles and 24 for the body. Remember to consider those people who have eyesight problems.

Font Style – There are two (2) different categories of font style that you should understand and know when and where to use.

1. Serif – It is a decorative stroke that finishes off the end of a letter’s stem (feet). These give people the feeling of elegance, confidence, and trustworthy. These font styles are usually seen in traditional mediums such as newspapers, books, magazines.

2. Sans serif – It has no decorative finishes at the letter’s feet (simple and clean). It gives off a feeling of casual, informal, friendly, and very approachable. This font style render out more clearly on a screen, which increases legibility for users.

• Do not overload your presentation with animation

Adding tons of animation in the presentation may actually affect the delivery of information.

Do not avoid animation entirely because this adds up effects to the audience that actually catches or retains their attention and helps them focus on presented information.