Unit 2 Test

KEY:

==Definitions==/@@Everything I Don’t Know@@/$Essay$/%%Explanations%%/Sections/Sections Within Sections/Not Done

ESSAY QUESTIONS

• List & discuss (in detail) each one of the 5 causes of World War 1 that was discussed in class. Names of relevant nations, and explain how each cause helped lead Europe into the war

1. Intense nationalism that united the German people (the most important cause)
2. Imperialism-Domination by 1 country of the political, economic, and cultural affairs of another country

1. European nations were building colonial empires in Africa & Asia
2. Empires brought wealth and prestige
3. Germany & Italy felt left out, so they tried to build their own empires, but it only brought bitterness and conflict
   3. Military buildup

1. Both nations were building up their empire
2. Germany built the biggest and the best military in Europe
3. If you’re preparing for war, it is more likely to break out
   4. Alliance treaties

1. Powerful nations signed treaties with one another
2. Two most powerful opposing alliances: Triple Alliance (Austria, Hungary, Germany, & Italy) & Triple Entente (Britain, France, & Russia)
   5. Assassination of Arch Duke Francis Ferdinand

1. The spark of the war
2. When: June 28, 1914
3. Who: Heir to the throne of Austria/Hungary
4. How: Killed in a motorcade by a member of a Serbian terrorist group called Black Hand
5. Where: Sarajevo, Bosnia
6. Why: Nationalism!…Serbians wanted their independence from Austria-Hungary…Ferdinand planned to make the Slavic people including the Serbs part of Austria-Hungary empire…so they killed them

       1. The Austro-Hungarian empire was outraged by the assassination 2. They declared war on Serbia, causing allies on both sides to join in, and war quickly spread throughout Europe 3. The major powers of Europe fell into two opposing wartime alliances called the Central Powers & the Allied Powers

• List & discuss the 3 ways that the Treaty of Versailles punished and weakened Germany following World War 1: How would this treaty eventually help lead to World War 2? (Must address Hitler)
  • Germany was punished and weakened in three ways:

     1. Militarily…disarmed…no more U-boats…major weapons taken away…only Germany was disarmed 2. Territorially…borders were reduced greatly…lost all colonies (Britain & France weren’t satisfied) 3. Economically…had to pay 33 billion dollars in reparations over 30 years. 4 deaths & property damages

• These punishments would eventually lead to the collapse of the German economy and a terrible depression
  • %%Same depression as the U.S.%%
• Germany looked to a new leader-Adolf Hitler
  • Made it possible for the rise of fascism
• Resentment that followed motivated Germany, creating conditions that lead to World War 2
  • How were the political bosses during the Gilded Age similar to Carpet-Baggers and Scalawags during Reconstruction? How were they different? (1 similarity, 1 difference)
• Similarity: Both used disadvantaged people for their vote
• Differences: Political bosses used immigrants, Carpet Baggers and Scalawags used African Americans…political bosses in North, Carpet Baggers & Scalawags in South

BIRTH OF LABOR UNIONS

• Assembly line=specialization
• The assembly line caused industrial workers to feel overworked and underpaid
• ==Specialization: Division of labor…worker does the same task over & over==
• ==“Bread and Butter” Issues: Higher wages, shorter hours, & better working conditions==
• ==Collective bargaining: Union officials (reps)…represent the workers…they negotiate with management==
  • %%Results in a contract%%
• ==Blacklisting: Workers who belong to unions were “undesirable employees…hard to get a job.”==
• Unions gained a negative image during the Gilded Age
• Union labor strikes broke out into violence
  • %%Radicals%%
• Unions would be associated with communism, after a workers’ revolution broke out in Russia in 1917 led by a small group of communists.
• Unions would eventually gain more popularity, power, and acceptance
• ==Radicals: New ways of thinking, trying to change the times==

SIMILARITIES/DIFFERENCES BETWEEN CARPET-BAGGERS & SCALAWAGS

• Controlled by political bosses/machines

NATIONAL POLITICS AFTER THE CIVIL WAR

• What political party dominated the South between 1880 and 1928?
  • Democratic
• Republican candidates had almost no chance of winning an election in the South because this group prevented them from voting
  • African-Americans
• In the North and West, what tactic or political strategy did Republicans use in their speeches to gain votes?
  • “Waving the Bloody Shirt”
• What group tended to vote for the Democratic candidates in Northern elections?
  • Immigrants
• What organization provided immigrants with jobs, food, money, etc. in return for their votes?
  • Political bosses
• Typically, a single, powerful, political boss controlled each political machine. What would be an example of a Democratic political machine in New York City?
  • Tammany Hall
• Who was the man in charge of that political machine?
  • William “Boss” Tweed

Political Machines

• How were political bosses during the “Gilded Age” similar to Carpet Baggers and Scalawags during Reconstruction? How were they different?
• Similarity: Both used disadvantaged people for their vote
• Differences: Political bosses used immigrants, Carpet Baggers and Scalawags used African Americans…political bosses in North, Carpet Baggers & Scalawags in South

“A NATION OF DRUNKARDS”

• What reasons were given by the “Drys” to outlaw alcohol in America in the early 1800s?
  • Marital issues
  • Spouse abuse
  • Child abuse
  • Lost wages
  • Jobs lost
  • Leads to poverty
• How is the 18th amendment (Prohibition) different from the previous 17 amendments?
  • Legislating morality…told people how to live their lives…the other 17 amendments have nothing to do with their morality
  • %%Expanded civil liberties%%
• Throughout our nation’s history, what role has alcohol played in America from a social perspective
  • Make acquaintance
  • Hot & cold
  • For joy
  • Parties
• By the 1830s, how much whiskey did the average American (over the age of 15) drink?
  • 88 bottles of whiskey
• What were the Washington Societies?
  • A pledge to not drink
  • Had meetings together so that they wouldn’t drink %%(interventions)%%
  • %%Original AA%%
• What two other “crusades” did the Temperance Movement attach itself to in the mid-1800s?
  • Abolitionists
  • Women’s Suffrage
• @@Who formed the first Women’s Temperance Society?@@
  • @@Susan B. Anthony@@
• In 1851, which state became the first to outlaw the sale and manufacture of intoxicating beverages?
  • Maine
• How was the Temperance Movement overshadowed (and largely set aside) in the 1860s?
  • Civil War (PTSD)
• What percentage of the Federal budget came from taxing alcohol by the late 1860s?
  • 75%
• How are alcohol and immigration linked in the film, and therefore, what conflicts grew during the Gilded Age?
  • Immigrants had a thirst for beer
  • German beers were produced
• Who was Eliza Jane Thompson, and how did she impact the Temperance Movement?
  • Her oldest son was an alcoholic-prescribed by doctors
  • Marched for doctors to not prescribe alcohol
  • Druggists had to sign a pledge
  • She led 200 women with her
  • She organized women to protest
• Who was Frances Willard, and how did she impact the Temperance Movement?
  • Commanded a non-violent national army
  • Women’s Christian Temperance Union
  • Connects Temperance and Women’s Suffrage
• How did the school systems play a role in the Temperance Movement?
  • Require anti-alcohol curriculum
  • 22 million children were in Temperance classes
  • Horrifying diagrams
  • False facts (burst into flames)
• By the turn of the 20th century, saloons were still going strong: What did American men like about saloons and taverns?
  • Everything men wanted
  • Community
  • Manhood
  • Refuge
  • Joyfulness
  • Living room
  • Barber was there
  • Cash his paycheck
  • Learn English
  • Get a city job
  • Play games
• Who was Carrie Nation, and how did she impact the Temperance Movement?
  • Took a hatchet & destroyed saloons from city to city
  • “Hatchetation”…she and her protestors using hatchets & stones to destroy saloons
  • Jailed over and over…went right back to it when she got out
• Where was the Anti-Saloon League formed, and what did they commit themselves to, under the leadership of Wayne B. Wheeler?
  • Ohio
  • He destroyed every politician’s career that was not in favor of prohibition

THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR

• 1898-1900
• %%American imperialism%%
• ==Open door policy: Protection of equal privileges among countries trading with China==
  • U.S. Secretary of State John Hay
• By the late 1800’s. the island of Cuba was the last important possession that Spain held in the Western Hemisphere
• Cuban guerillas took up arms against the Spanish
• The Spanish government threw the Cuban guerillas into concentration camps
  • %%Not like the Nazis%%
  • Disease & malnutrition
  • About 200,000 people died
• What did the term “concentration camp” mean in the 1890s?
  • Referred to areas where non-combative citizens were held in order to deny support to the rebels
• American sympathy:

1. Cubans wanted their independence…we can relate
2. Horrified by the stories of Spanish cruelty

• Riots broke out in Havana
  • William McKinley sent an American battleship, the U.S.S. Maine to protect American citizens who lived there from any harm
  • %%American business interests ($)%%

William McKinley

• In office from 1897-1901
• The United States became a world power during his presidency
• U.S. victory in the Spanish-American War
• U.S. acquired the Philippines, Puerto Rico, & Guam
• McKinley was assassinated in 1901

February 15th, 1898

• U.S.S Maine was destroyed
• Killed 266 Americans

Theories

1. Americans claimed the ship had been destroyed by a Spanish underwater mine
2. Spain claimed that the disaster was caused by an explosion within the ship…last thing Spain wanted was a war with us
3. Some thought the Cuban rebels did it, knowing the U.S. would blame Spain & go to war

• ==Guerillas: Rebels==

Investigations

• The U.S. initial investigation assumed that it was a mine explosion set by the Spanish
  • Still believed in 1911
• In 1974, a Navy investigation suggested that it was an accidental internal explosion
• “War fever” swept through the country
• “Remember the Maine” became the battle cry for Americans

The Role of American Newspapers

• Two most powerful newspaper publishers

1. William Randolph Hearst
2. Joseph Pulitzer

• These two men tried to outsell each other with tabloid-style sensationalism…exaggerated stories to the fullest…influenced the decision to go to war

Media Pressure on William McKinley to go to War

• Mocked him, made him feel small in the press
• McKinley gave Spain an ultimatum to “withdraw at once” or the U.S. would “force them out.”
• McKinley gave the Spanish government three days to accept his terms or face war. They refused, and the Spanish-American War began
• The Spanish-American War was seen as the war to “liberate Cuba”
  • %%Original goal%%

1. Newspapers definitely wanted war…$
2. American industry would profit from the war…oilmen, steel makers, manufacturers, & bankers
3. “Muscle flexing war”

1. U.S. was young & cocky looking to prove itself to the nations of Europe…%%it forced the Monroe Doctrine%%

• The Spanish-American War only lasted 100 days
• The war was not only fought in Cuba

1. U.S. Navy launched a surprise attack on the Philippine Islands (Spanish)
2. Puerto Rico

      1. Both were quick & easy victories 2. War in Cuba did not begin right away…McKinley called for volunteers…200,000+ volunteered

Identify

• Admiral George Dewey: Led attack on Philippines
• Theodore “Teddy” Roosevelt:
  • Resigned as Secretary of Navy to volunteer to fight in Cuba
  • Became the Lieutenant Colonel in the 1st volunteer calvary called the “Rough Riders”
  • He was a tough guy, cowboy spirit, determined…colorful personality
  • 23,000+ volunteered for his regimen…collection of cowboys, athletes, policemen, and tough guys
• The war was extremely one-sided
• Most of them died from diseases like yellow fever and malaria

Treaty of Paris

• %%Settlement between the U.S. & Spain%%

1. Spain granted Cuba their independence (Original goal)
2. Spain gave the U.S. Puerto Rico, Guam, & the Philippines
3. The U.S. paid 20 million dollars for the territories (Allowed Spain to keep face)…very little cost for empire building

1. 2 & 3 are examples of American imperialism
2. %%Strategic naval bases%%

Trouble in the Philippines

• Many Americans opposed the Treaty of Paris…un-American…%%imperialism!%%
• Taking territory made us no better than France, Britain, Germany, etc.
• Fistfight broke out in the U.S. Senate
• More importantly, the Philippinos revolted against American rule…no better than Spanish rule
• The revolt took 4 years to put down…4,000+ Americans died…tens of thousands of Philippinos died

How do the Actions of the United States Appear to be Very Hypocritical in This Situation?

• We fought for our independence

THE BUILDING OF THE PANAMA CANAL

• The U.S. had a new expansion into the Pacific, it became obvious that a canal across Central America would be extremely valuable, both militarily & economically

Steps to Build the Canal

1. Get rid of a treaty between the United States & Great Britain

1. The agreement that stated that any such canal would be controlled by both nations
2. %%Enforced the Monroe Doctrine%%
   2. The United States negotiated a new agreement with the British called the Hav-Pauncefote Treaty in 1901

1. Gave the U.S. the right to build and control a canal by itself
2. Said that all nations would be allowed to use the canal on equal terms
   3. 1903, President Roosevelt, with the backing of Congress, made up his mind to build the canal in Panama, then part of Columbia
   4. Next, the United States negotiated a treaty in which Columbia would lease a canal zone across Panama to the United States

1. Columbia would receive $10,000,000 and a rent of $250,000/year
   5. Columbia rejected the treaty

1. They wanted more money
   6. The U.S. reacted by supporting a “revolution” led by Panamanian rebels. If Columbia would not cooperate, they would create another country that would be more agreeable.
   7. With the American battleship, U.S.S. Nashville pointing its guns at Columbia, the Republic of Panama was born in 1903
   8. Only 3 days later, the U.S. government officially recognized Panama
   9. Two weeks later, the U.S. signed a canal treaty with the new nation of Panama. The U.S. received a 10-mile wide canal zone, and the financial agreements were the same ones that Columbia had turned down

Difficulties Building the Canal

1. It took time to stamp out malaria and yellow fever in Panama, which was widespread

3. This plan was carried out by Army physician William Gorgas

      a. Once the area was free from disease, it would be safe to bring in the construction crews

4. It took ten years for workers to cut the 9-mile long channel through Panama

      a. They cut through mountains, and the project was finally finished in 1914

• President Roosevelt took full credit for the project, and it helped to boost his popularity further
• Panama got the canal in 2000, after the U.S. & Panama signed a treaty in 1977

Why is the Panama Canal so Important to American Interests?

1. Trade ships ($)
2. Military access

“BIG STICK DIPLOMACY” VS. “DOLLAR DIPLOMACY”

• ==Diplomacy: Managing international relationships…typically a country sends an ambassador abroad==
• $Teddy Roosevelt strengthened the Monroe Doctrine when he issued a statement in 1904 to Congress that became known as the Roosevelt Corollary (or extension) to the Monroe Doctrine$
  • Latin American nations had borrowed money from Europe and were unable to pay, so the U.S. made sure that they paid their debts militarily
  • U.S. would be “an international police power”
  • “Big Stick” Diplomacy because Roosevelt believed in the saying “speak softly and carry a big stick” when it came to the foreign policy
• William Howard Taft felt that the U.S. should try to control these nations indirectly by investing our money in them to build more stable economies and governments
  • Policy was known as “Dollar Diplomacy” (a failure)

WHAT WAS THE ESPIONAGE ACT?

• Six weeks after the declaration of war, the government expected 1 million men to sign up and fight
  • Only 73,000 enlisted, so Congress had to make a draft
• Eugene Debs, the labor leader and socialist who had run for president four times
  • He was given a ten year sentence for his 1918 speech in Canton, Ohio
  • In 1920, he ran for president on the Socialist Party platform from prison
  • He received 13% of the popular vote

“AMERICA BECOMES A WORLD POWER”

• Manifest destiny
• During expanding, Alaska & Hawaii
• In 1898, the U.S. also took the Philippines & Puerto Rico
• ==Monroe Doctrine: 1843…a warning to European nations to stay out of the western hemisphere…basis of our foreign policy…not allow Europe in our part of the world.==
• ==Isolationism: The U.S. should not yet get involved in Europe’s affairs…($). Didn’t want to risk getting into entanglements with Europe.==
• Americans never really adopted this isolationist attitude toward the rest of the world. Many people believed in a similar “Manifest Destiny” to control both North & South America, as well as the Pacific.
• Some felt that Americans had “Anglo-Saxon Mission” to expand their influence throughout the Americas
• The Anglo-Saxon “race” was seen as superior, and it should attempt to “civilize”
• ==Social Darwinism: Apply Charles Darwin’s theory of survival of the fittest to people and nations…energetic, strong, fit, should rule everyone else in the world.==
• ==Imperialism: Domination by one country of the political, economic, and cultural affairs of another country…empire building.==
• Reasons for imperialism:

1. Establishing more colonies would provide a nation with control over more raw materials needed for industrial factories
2. Establishing more colonies provided additional markets for a nation’s manufactured goods
3. Expanding through imperialism increased national pride, by making people feel big and powerful
4. Some countries suggested their expansion had humanitarian goals. Missionaries wanted to spread Christianity. Some felt it was simply their moral duty to “civilize” parts of the world that they considered to be “backward.”

• Why would this particular justification be seen negatively throughout the world?
  • You can’t shove your faith down someone else’s throat.
• In 1867, Secretary of State William Seward bought Alaska from Russia for 7.2 million dollars
  • Big deal because Alaska provided fish, furs, & lumber
• “Seward’s Folly”: Many Americans thought that buying Alaska was a mistake and made jokes at his expense; eventually saw what a great deal it was-nearly endless resources of lumber, oil, gold, copper, natural gas, etc.

An Example of American Imperialism

• America was also interested in purchasing Hawaii after Alaska
• American whalers, traders, and missionaries were involved in Hawaii
• Hawaiians exported sugar to the U.S.
• Americans were some of King Kamehameha 3’s closest advisors
  • He signed a treaty in 1875 that allowed Hawaiian sugar to enter the United States without a tariff
  • Sugar production increased greatly
• Sugar production crashed when America passed the McKinley tariff in 1890
  • Hawaiian economy was hurt badly
  • Queen Liliuokalani was fiercely patriotic and deeply resented American influence in Hawaii
  • Uncooperative with United States’ business
  • The United States helped organize a revolution to remove her from power
  • The queen surrendered at gunpoint, yielding her throne to the government of the United States
• ==Absolute monarch: Holds all of the power==
• ==Annexation: Attaching new territory to an existing area==
• Sanford B. Dole was the president of the revolutionary government in Hawaii; he proclaimed Hawaii a republic in 1894 & requested annexation
  • Owned vast pineapple & sugar plantations
• Congress voted to annex Hawaii after the revolutionaries proclaimed Hawaii a republic
• Hawaii became a U.S. territory in 1900
• Alaska & Hawaii became states in 1959

“THE WAR TO END ALL WARS”

• Also known as World War 1
• The U.S. stuck to a policy of isolation when it came to European affairs
• The U.S. hoped to only keep a trade ($) relationship with European nations, but was pulled into World War 1
• World War 1 began in 1914
• World War 1 broke following an assassination in Bosnia that set off a chain of events that eventually lined up the major powers of Europe against one another

__Causes__

1. $Intense nationalism$

1. $The most important cause$
2. $Nationalism: Feeling of pride and loyalty that people have for their country (extreme patriotism)$

       1. $“My country, right or wrong”$

3. $United the German people…and other Slavic people$
4. $Some groups like the Serbians wanted their independence because of nationalism$
   2. $Imperialism$

1. $Domination by 1 country of the political, economic, and cultural affairs of another country (Empire building!)$
2. $European nations were building colonial empires in Africa and Asia$
3. $Extremely competitive!-Empires brought wealth and prestige$
4. Germany and Italy felt left out…tried to build their own empires…brought up conflict & bitterness
   3. $Military buildup$

1. $Everyone wanted to be on top$
2. $Both nations were building up their empire$
3. $Germany built the biggest and best military in Europe$
4. $If you’re preparing for war, it is more likely to break out$
   4. $Alliance systems$

1. $Powerful nations and signed treaties with one another$
2. $VERY DANGEROUS!-Attack one, attack all$
3. $2 most powerful opposing alliances:$

       1. $Triple Alliance (Austria, Hungary, Germany, Italy)$ 2. $Tripe Entente (Britain, France, Russia)$

4. $European leaders hoped their alliances would preserve peace…they did not$
5. $Set for war…all that was needed was a “spark” (5th cause)$
   5. $Assassination of Arch Duke Francis Ferdinand$

1. $When: June 28, 1914$
2. $Who: Heir to the throne of Austria/Hungary$
3. $How: Killed in a motorcade by a member of a Serbian terrorist group called Black Hand$
4. $Where: Sarajevo, Bosnia$
5. $Why: Nationalism!…Serbians wanted their independence from Austria-Hungary…Ferdinand planned to make the Slavic people including the Serbs part of Austria-Hungary empire…so they killed them$

       1. The Austro-Hungarian empire was outraged by the assassination 2. They declared war on Serbia, causing allies on both sides to join in, and war quickly spread throughout Europe 3. The major powers of Europe fell into two opposing wartime alliances called the Central Powers & the Allied Powers

• Central powers: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, & Turkey (Ottoman empire)
• Allied powers: Britain, France, Serbia, & Belgium
  • %%U.S. doesn’t enter until 1917%%
• What was the United States’ position when war broke out in 1914?
  • Neutral…isolationists
  • Most Americans were opposed to fighting a war halfway across the globe
  • President Wilson encouraged Americans to be neutral
  • He wanted to trade with ALL NATIONS OF EUROPE
• “War fever” spread across Europe, as each European power wanted to prove itself

Poor Preparation for War

• Poor transportation…horse & on foot
• Primitive fighting strategies…”wave a tax”…played music while attacking…wore brightly colored uniforms
• Language barrier…hard to communicate & coordinate a tax
• Not enough equipment…only enough for 6 months…poorly trained (especially the Russians)
• World War 1 quickly became the bloodiest conflict ever fought up to the point in history
• The Allied Powers & Central Powers reached a stalemate by 1915
• ==Stalemate: Where neither side could win a decisive victory over the other==
• ==War of attrition: Each side is trying to wear the other side down…outlast them…attack, counter, attack.==
  • %%The Confederacy%%

Trench Warfare

• War of attrition
• Primitive
• On the Western Front of the war…(France & Belgium)
• Soldiers lived in these trenches for weeks
• Constantly bombarded…cold, wet, & muddy
• Widespread disease & rats…poison gas
• Attacked each other in “waves”
• The use of poison gas
  • First introduced by Germany…used by both sides…released into the trenches
  • Chlorine gas: Choked, gasped, vomited, & coughed your lungs out
  • %%Banned in 1925%%
  • %%Gas only%%

Death Statistics

• Responsible for more than 91,000 deaths in World War 1
  • Russians: 56,000
  • Germans: 9,000
  • British: 8,100
  • French: 8,000
  • Italians: 4,600
  • Austro-Hungarians: 3,000
  • Americans: 1,400
  • Entered the war for 1 year
  • Others: 1,000
• Neither side would give in

THE TWENTIES

Election of 1920

• Warren Harding won the Presidential election in 1920
  • From Ohio
  • No qualifications…good personality
  • Refused to take a stand on controversial issues like the League of Nations
• ==Bloviating: Giving long, windy speeches, while using inappropriate or non-existent words.==
  • This is how Warren Harding talked his way out of controversial issues
• Warren Harding won with the slogan “Return to Normalcy”
  • U.S. should turn away from European problems and concentrate on domestic issues
• Warren Harding appointed his corrupt friends to important government positions
  • These men were known as the “Ohio Gang”
• ==Spoil System: Appointing your friends to important government positions==
• Vice President Calvin Coolidge became the new President after Warren Harding died in 1923
  • Against too much government intervention
• Calvin Coolidge & Warren Harding didn’t want to “rock the boat”
  • No reason to because the 1920’s were years of great prosperity in America

American Foreign Policy in the 1920s

• The U.S. had become the leading industrial and financial power in the world, making it difficult to remain an isolationist country
• Stuck between isolationism and internationalism
  • %%Vast majority are still isolationists%%

What Does That Mean?

• Most Americans felt that we should stay isolated after World War 1
• More concerned with a period of hysteria known as the First Red Scare
  • %%First Red Scare follows World War 1%%
• Red Scare: After the Russian Revolution (Worker’s Revolt) in 1917…the U.S. government was scared of the growing complaints from American workers & the birth of labor unions & increase of strikes
  • “Reds” were communists in Russia…so the U.S. government feared a communist revolt
• ==Communism: An economic system in which the government owns or controls almost all the means of production==
• Communists wanted workers to take up arms and destroy the capitalist system
• Everyone blamed the Reds or communists for riots in the 1920s
• Attorney General Mitchell Palmer suspected a massive plot to overthrow the government
• In the “Palmer Raids” that followed, the U.S. government raided many radical groups’ headquarters and homes
  • Searches took place without warrants most of the time
  • Suspected communists were held for weeks without formal charges
  • More than 500 were deported from the United States
• Some Americans began to fear the pressure the government was putting on citizens, basically violating their basic rights
• $In 1920, the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) was formed to protect people’s basic freedoms and challenge the constitutionality of laws that violated the Bill of Rights$
• What other laws were Americans concerned about in 1917 and 1918?
  • The Sedition Act & the Espionage Act
• The “Red Scare” period ended quickly because Americans realized that the danger of a revolution was non-existent

Workers in the 1920’s

• Inflation soared in the U.S. after the war
  • So did union membership
  • When workers were not getting paid higher wages, they went on strike
• Strikes gave unions a negative image
  • Strikes led to corporations providing various benefits to keep their workers happy and productive

Other Problems for the Industry

1. No war hurt production…causing many factories to close (unemployment increase)
2. Soldiers returned…creating competition for jobs…too many workers

Who Filled Those Jobs During the War?

• Women & African-Americans
• Women went home
• Job competition fueled racial tensions in the Northern cities

Racial Tensions Grow in the Twenties

• Huge resurgence of the Ku Klux Klan
  • Grew from 5,000 to several million members
  • Not just in the South anymore
  • Not just going after African-Americans anymore…(immigrants, Jews, Catholics)
• Lynchings increased
  • Even some African-American veterans of World War 1
• Race Riots broke out in the North (Washington D.C., Chicago)
  • What started the Chicago Race Riot in 1919, and how bad was it?
  • July 27th, a 17 year old African-American boy was swimming in Lake Michigan…drifted off the black beach to the white beach…white swimmers threw rocks until he drowned…African-American families retaliated…resulting in a 3 day riot
  • 38 killed (23 African-American) & 520 injured…left thousands homeless
• Rosewood Massacre:
  • Small African-American town in Florida that was burned to the ground when a massacre broke out following a false rumor that a white woman had been sexually assaulted by an African-American man
  • Hollywood made a movie about this
• The NAACP encouraged African-Americans to fight back
• The NAACP fought hard for equal rights for African-Americans in America, but very little progress was made during the 1920’s
• Negative feelings toward immigrants caused the Emergency Quota Act and the National Origins Act to be passed
  • Laws were designed to limit the number of immigrants who could enter the U.S. each year
  • Xenophobia led to the Sacco-Vanzetti case in 1921

Sacco-Venzetti Case

• 2 Italian immigrants accused & convicted of murder in 1921
• Armed robbery of a paymaster & his guard in Massachusetts
• Carrying a factory payroll of $15,000…both men shot & killed
• Sacco & Vanzetti were arrested…both were carrying guns
• Neither had a criminal record
• No real evidence…most of it was made up
• Despite no real evidence, both were sent to the electric chair in 1927
• Killed due to prejudice & xenophobia
• Guilty of
  • Being Italian immigrants
  • Anarchists
  • Believed in no government
  • Both had been in labor strikes and Anti-War movements
• Judge was clearly prejudice…called them “anarchist bastards”
• FBI later found evidence that Sacco was probably guilty…Vanzetti was clearly innocent

Prohibition

• Temperance Movement was trying to outlaw alcohol for decades
• By the 1920’s, large groups of Americans (especially religious Fundamentalists) had come to the conclusion that the consumption of alcohol was causing social problems and a decline of moral values in the United States
• In 1919, Congress passed the 18th amendment, making the entire nation “dry”
  • Prohibited the manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors
  • Enforced by the Volstead Act
  • Turned out to be a huge failure

Few Exceptions to the Law

• You could keep and drink your booze if you had it before January 16th, 1920…Yale club had enough booze to last 14 years
• Medicinal booze…doctors would write prescriptions
• Religious exception…created a boom of Communion wines

Who Pushed for this Legislation to be Passed, & Why

• Anti-Saloon League & Women’s Christian Temperance Union…both pointed to a moral decline in the U.S.
• Progressive reformers (Jane Addams)…saw the devastating effect of the urban booze
• KKK (nativism & xenophobia)
• Women…I know why!
• Anti-German sentiment from the war

How Was the 18th Amendment (Prohibition) Linked to the 16th Amendment?

• %%16th Amendment=income taxes%%
• The “Drys” pushed for the 16th…they needed it to replace taxes on booze (1/3 of the government’s budget came from booze)

Advantages of Prohibition

1. Less arrests for public drunkenness (people were drinking in private)
2. Fewer alcohol related deaths
3. Fewer workers blew their checks on booze…(people were making their own)

Disadvantages of Prohibition

1. Difficult to enforce

1. People still bought booze, though illegal…”bootleggers” & “rum runners”
2. Thousands of speakeasies (secret bars)…all over the U.S.
3. Both the Federal & state governments couldn’t enforce it…not enough money and agents
4. Often ignored by local police…payoffs, free drinks, or both (corrupt cops)
5. As high up as the White House…Harding’s Ohio Gang would play poker & drink whiskey throughout the week…would give pardons to rum runners for the White House
   2. Rise of organized crime

1. Immigrants took advantage ($)
2. Gangsters like Chicago’s Al Capone (Scarface)…controlled the sale of booze in their city
3. $Gangsters/bootleggers fought for territory…similar to today’s drug dealers$

• Prohibition was repealed in 1933 with the passage of the 21st amendment
• Making alcohol illegal had actually caused alcohol consumption to increase in many parts of the United States

WORLD WAR 1: THE ROLE OF THE UNITED STATES

• America’s entrance into World War 1 could not have come at a better time for the Allied Powers
  • Central Powers were on their way to victory
• Americans contributed numerous amounts of materials and manpower for the war effort
  • %%Thee world industrial giant%%

Organizing Wartime America

• Congress formed the Selective Service System in 1917 to draft soldiers (ages 21-30) into the army because no one was signing up to fight
  • Over 4 million men were drafted
• “War to end all wars”
• The navy was sent to Europe immediately, using convoys of merchant ships surrounded by warships to supply Allied forces
• President Wilson decided the government needed to take control and supervise this large-scale organization

1. Placed all the nations railroads under government control
2. Government set up The War Industries Board to oversee production & distribution of manufactured goods (one big war factory)…The Board decided what was made, how much, price, and who it would be sold to
3. Convince Americans to consume less food

• “Food will win the war”
• “Meatless Tuesdays”
• “Wheatless Wednesdays”
• Rationing: The distribution of goods to consumers in a fixed amount

Role of Women During World War 1

• Women were not drafted under the Selective Service System
  • %%Same as today%%
  • %%Women are stepping out of the women’s sphere%%
• Many served as nurses and volunteers in overseas hospitals and Red Cross first-aid stations
• Thousands of women also found jobs in factories
• Fill jobs that men once had

Other Groups Took Advantage of the Labor Shortage

• Both African-American and Hispanic workers moved to large Northern cities to find higher paying jobs in the factories
• 90% of all African-Americans lived in the southern states prior to the war
• By the 1960’s, nearly half of all African-Americans in America had moved out of the South
  • This became known as the “Great Migration”
• What effect on race relations do you think this migration will have after the war?
  • Race riots
• African-Americans were drafted into the war, but were still segregated

Propaganda

• Wilson used propaganda to “sell the war to the American people”
  • Posters
  • Pamphlets
  • Praised American war aims, while criticized Germany
• Most of the news that the U.S. received about the war came from Britain
• Germans were called Huns
• How propaganda was effective:

1. Raised money for the war effort
2. Convinced many young Americans to enlist
3. Converted many doubters

• Some claimed that we joined the war for economic interests ($)

The Anti-War Movement

• Many Americans were not influenced by the propaganda at all and protested against American involvement in the war
• %%Isolationists%%
• The government passed two laws:
  • Espionage Act (1917): Made it a crime to aid enemy nations…also a crime to interfere with the recruitment of soldiers…U.S. government could sensor your mail
  • Sedition Act (1918): Heavy fines & prison sentences up to 20 years could be given out if you spoke or wrote anything critical of the government
• Set the tone for the first “Red Scare”
• “Red Scare”: Fear of communism

New Weapons of the Great War

1. Tanks…introduced by Britain & France…slow, clumsy, & unreliable
2. Poison gas…introduced by Germany…used by both sides…HORRIBLE weapon: Blinded soldiers or choked to death…banned in 1925
3. Introduction of the airplane…used mostly for reconnaissance
4. Machine gun…deadly & very efficient new weapon…greatly increased death in the trenches
5. Flame thrower…introduced by Germany…used by both sides

• ==Reconnaissance: Collect intelligence==
• The addition of the American troops and supplies to the Allied cause was more than enough to turn the war around
• The Germans gave up on November 11, 1918
• “Armistice Day”: At 11 a.m….11th hour of the 11th month, of the 11th day

Costs of the War

• 10 million died
  • Of those deaths, 126,000 were Americans
  • %%Low because we were only involved for 1 year%%
  • 20 million wounded

Wilson’s Fourteen Points

• Peace plan

1. Right of self-determination for all nations…people should be able to determine for themselves what nation they belong to
2. Arms limitations
3. End all secret alliances
4. International freedom of the seas & trade…in peace & wartime
5. A general “assembly of nations” to prevent & settle future disputes…called the League of Nations

      1. %%Thee most important for Wilson%%

• Britain: Wanted control of the seas…most powerful Navy
• France: Wanted Germany to pay for reparations for the war…land was destroyed…paid for lives lost

Paris Peace Conference

• In January of 1919, delegates from 27 nations signed 5 separate treaties known as the Peace of Paris
• Only the winners were represented
• Most of the key decisions were made by the “Big Four”

1. Wilson (U.S.)
2. Clemenceau (France)
3. Lloyd George (Britain)
4. Orlando (Italy)

• Wilson had difficulty persuading the other leaders to accept his idea of “peace without victory”
• Britain and France were determined to “make Germany pay” for the war
• Wilson was determined to set up his League of Nations, even to the point where he would give up on other issues to make sure it was included in the treaties

Treaty of Versailles

• This treaty is often confused with the whole settlement, but it only dealt with Germany’s punishment
• Germany was punished and weakened in three ways:

1. Militarily…disarmed…no more U-boats…major weapons taken away…only Germany was disarmed
2. Territorially…borders were reduced greatly…lost all colonies (Britain & France weren’t satisfied)
3. Economically…had to pay 33 billion dollars in reparations over 30 years. 4 deaths & property damages

• These punishments would eventually lead to the collapse of the German economy and a terrible depression
  • %%Same depression as the U.S.%%
• Germany looked to a new leader-Adolf Hitler
  • Made it possible for the rise of fascism
• The Treaty of Versailles was seen as extremely punitive and much too harsh by Germany
• The resentment that followed helped motivate Germany, creating conditions that would eventually lead to World War 2
• The treaty also included the League of Nations
  • Wilson’s most important point

League of Nations

• Consisted of 42 Allied & neutral nations
  • Controlled by the Big Four & Japan
• Three stipulations had to be met for membership

1. All these nations were required to protect one another against attack
2. All disputes between members were to be submitted to arbitration (League would mediate these disputes)
3. The League also took possession of former German colonies. Took territories controlled by Turkey/Ottoman empire

• Wilson was confident that his League of Nations would lead to an era of world peace
• Wilson submitted the Treaty of Versailles to the U.S. Senate in July of 1919, where he would need 2/3 to ratify the treaty
• The treaties that ended World War 1 also brought sweeping boundary changes in Europe, which resulted in many new nations being formed
  • Finland
  • Estonia
  • Czechoslovakia
  • Ukraine
  • Poland
  • Latvia
  • Yugoslavia
  • Lithuania
  • Austria
  • Hungary
• Several empires also lost territory
  • Germany
  • Russia
  • Austria-Hungary
  • Ottoman empire

Woodrow Wilson vs. the U.S. Senate

• When President Wilson brought the Treaty of Versailles back home, almost everyone believed the U.S. Senate would ratify it

The Problem

• When ratifying the Treaty of Versailles, Wilson (a Democrat) needed 2/3 vote of the Senate
  • The Senate was dominated by Republicans though
• Senators demanded serious changes to the treaty, but Wilson refused
  • Biggest criticism was for Wilson’s League of Nations
• Senators feared that the U.S. might get pulled into another major European conflict if we joined the group
• Several Senators did agree to ratify the treaty if Wilson made one significant change to the League of Nations
• American armed forces would not be sent into action by the League of Nations until congress gave its approval
  • Wilson said that the League of Nations didn’t need any revisions because it would prevent wars, but it didn’t get him the 2/3 vote he needed
• Wilson suffered a stroke that left him half-paralyzed in 1919
• The U.S. Senate rejected the Treaty of Versailles
• The United States never joined the League of Nations
  • Began in 1920, but failed

NAVAL WARFARE IN THE ATLANTIC

• The British blockaded all northern European ports to cut off all supplies from entering Germany
  • Germany had extreme difficulties getting food and war materials they needed to fight in the war in Europe
  • The Germans responded with the use of submarine warfare in the North Atlantic
• ==U-boats: German sub…attacked without warning==
• Naval Codes: The use of submarine warfare by the Germans in the North Atlantic, and specifically, the act of striking without warning. Violated all the rules of naval warfare at the time. Naval codes said that enemy ships must give warning to non-military targets before attacking them. In addition, when merchant ships were stopped in wartime, the attacker was supposed to let the crew and passengers evacuate and allow the evacuees aboard their ships.
• Why did Germany ignore these codes?

1. Germans said they were easy targets if they surfaced…defeats the purpose of the sub
2. Not enough room for the evacuees

• American concerns:

1. British blockades
2. German sub warfare

      1. %%Both violated the rights of the U.S. as a neutral nation%% 2. %%Lost property & lives would pull the U.S. into the war%%

• What was the Lusitania?
  • Maine 1915…British luxury liner was sunk without warning…killed 128 Americans
  • American public was shocked & outraged but they didn’t want to go to war
  • President Wilson DID NOT declare war on Germany…he told them to stop
  • 3 months later, another ship was sunk…again President Wilson said stop
  • March of 1916…the other ship that sunk was the Sussex
• Sussex Pledge
  • Germany promised to stop sinking passenger ships without warning…known as the Sussex Pledge
  • They did, but only for a while

America Enters the War

• The majority of the people wanted to remain neutral and they backed Wilson’s patience and peace-keeping efforts
  • %%DEEP ROOTED ISOLATIONISTS%%
• “He Kept Us Out of War”
  • His campaign promise
  • His keeping America out of the war got him re-elected
  • He knew he couldn’t keep us out of the war much longer…Germans kept sinking ships
• What was Wilson’s “Peace Without Victory” speech in 1917?
  • He argued if either side won, profited, & punished the other, it would cause bitterness & hatred…& would start another war
  • Neither side would listen…determined to make the other side pay
  • %%Things looked bad for the Allied Powers…the U.S. ended the war%%
• What was the Zimmerman Note? %%(aka telegram)%%
  • It was found and decoded by the Brits in March of 1917…American newspapers published a telegram sent to the Mexican government by Arthur Zimmerman
  • It proposed a secret agreement with Mexico…if Mexico allied with Germany, when they won the war, Germany would give Mexico Texas, Arizona, & New Mexico
• Following the Zimmerman Note, German submarines sunk 4 American merchant ships, killing 36 Americans
• President Wilson asked Congress to declare war on Germany on April 2, 1917
  • Felt the U.S. must “make the world safe for democracy”
• Democracy: Form of government in which power is vested in the people and exercised by them through free elections

DOMESTIC ISSUES OF THE GILDED AGE

• Issues that needed to be settled after the Civil War:
  • Racial questions (treatment of former slaves)
  • Immigration policies
  • Treatment of Native Americans
  • Government regulation of trusts and monopolies
  • Growth of the cities
  • Corruption of political bosses
  • Both political parties were afraid to take a stand on this in fear of losing votes
  • Made vague or moderate statements to keep everyone happy
  • Statements were called “Sitting on the Fence”
• Third party candidates were competing with the other two parties
  • Made it difficult for anyone to get a mandate

The Tariff Issue

• The North and the South had fought over this before the Civil War
• Tariff: Tax on foreign goods
• Why did the North favor a high protective tariff?
  • People will buy American! %%(Cheaper!)%%

SCOPES “MONKEY” TRIAL IN 1925

• Traditional beliefs were becoming less popular, so fundamentalists wanted to stop that
  • Fundamentalists wanted the traditions taught in the Holy Bible
  • %%Strongest throughout small farm towns%%
• Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution was first introduced in 1859
  • It is a scientific theory that states evolution holds that humans and all other species developed over time from lower to more complex forms
• Fundamentalists argued that the theory of evolution contradicted biblical accounts of Divine Creation
• ==Divine Creation: The viewpoint that God created the Heaven, the Earth, and all of His creatures in six days==
• American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) felt that these anti-evolution laws violated the Constitution
  • They wanted to defend teachers that wanted to challenge the statutes
  • John Scopes, a biology teacher from Dayton, Tennessee agreed to be their test subject
  • After reading his class a description of Darwin’s theory, he was arrested
• $The defense attorney:$
  • $Clarence Darrow$
  • Very famous & skilled attorney for the ACLU
  • $He was agnostic$
  • $Agnostic: In the middle of believing and not believing in God$
• $The prosecuting attorney:$
  • $William Jennings Bryan$
  • $Very religious man$
• This trial became a national sensation due to the media
• Why did they call it the “monkey” trial?
  • Based on the theory of evolution…man evolved from ape
• Darrow challenged Bryan’s belief that every word in the Bible should be taken literally
  • According to Divine Creation, the sun was not created until the fourth day, so he asked how we can accurately determine how long those first three days lasted, without sunlight
• The judge threw out Bryan’s testimony and told the jury to disregard it
• Scopes was ordered to pay a $100 fine for being guilty
  • He never paid it
• Both sides claimed victory
  • Nothing was settled until 43 years later
• In 1987, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in Edwards vs. Aguillard that teaching “Creation Science” in a public school classroom was a clear violation of the Establishment Clause in the First Amendment-which requires a “separation of church and state”
• How is this battle still continuing in the U.S. today?
  • Covid-19
  • God is my vaccine

THE BATTLE FOR WOMEN’S SUFFRAGE

• ==Suffrage: The right to vote==
• The 19th Amendment was ratified giving women the right to vote in 1920
  • Getting the right to vote did not give women equality in America
• Women were still discriminated against in:
  • Hiring practices
  • Salaries & wages
  • Access to education
• 1776: New Jersey grants the vote to women who pay taxes
  • Revoked in 1807 by lawmakers
  • Women failed to vote for the “right candidates”
• 1789: U.S. Constitution is ratified, giving the right to vote to adult white males who own property and pay taxes
• 1837: Kentucky grants some women suffrage in school elections
• 1848: First women’s rights convention is held in Seneca Falls, New York
  • Organizing women were viewed as extremely Radical
• 1861: Kansas enters the Union and grants women the right to vote in local school elections
• 1869: Wyoming territory grants suffrage to women
  • Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony formed the National Woman Suffrage Association
• 1870: Utah territory grants full suffrage to women
• 1872: Susan B. Anthony is arrested for trying to vote in Rochester, New York
• 1878: The first women’s suffrage amendment is presented in the U.S. Senate
• 1890: Wyoming enters the Union and becomes the first state to give women the right to vote
• 1912: Theodore Roosevelt’s Progressive Party becomes the first national political party to support women’s suffrage
• 1913: An estimated 5,000 women stage a parade in Washington, D.C. to lobby for suffrage and riots to break out
• $1917: The National Woman’s Party (led by Alice Paul and Lucy Burns) stations daily pickets at the White House in a civil disobedience campaign$
  • $Hunger strike$
• 1920: Failing to pass initially in 1918, the 19th Amendment is ratified, giving American women the right to vote
  • %%A vast majority of women DID NOT want the right to vote%%

WOMEN’S RIGHTS DENIED

• In the 1800’s, American women had fewer rights than a male inmate in an insane asylum
• Women could not:
  • Vote
  • Serve on a jury
  • Testify in court
  • Hold public office
  • Attend college
  • Practice law
• If a woman were married, it was illegal for her to:
  • Sign a contract
  • Own or inherit property
  • Keep or invest her own earnings
  • Have automatic rights to her children
• Women were expected to:
  • Live in the women’s sphere

“THE ROARING TWENTIES”

The Jazz Age

• From the culture of southern African-Americans
• Improvisation
• Broke down racial barriers
• Jazz music helped set the stage for different forms of modern music, like rock and roll, and even rap
• %%Jazz was fast…it made people dance%%
• The most famous jazz musicians at the time were Louis Armstrong and Duke Ellington

Flappers

• Rebellious young woman of the 1920s
• Lifestyles that went against traditional views of femininity and what the role of young women should be in our society
• Describe a flapper: Wore loose fitting clothing, shorter skirts…above the knee, shorter hair, makeup…the mark of a woman with loose morals, drank alcohol, smoked cigarettes, and danced to jazz music
  • %%Flappers just wanted to have fun%%
• Radical ideas
• %%Adults saw them as a symbol of society’s collapsing economy%%

The Golden Age of Sports

• Country became obsessed with spectator sports
• Listened to sports on the radio
• Boxing: Jack Dempsey (White heavy-weight champion)
• Football: “Red Grange” University of Illinois…Knute Rockne (Notre Dame) greatest coach of the era
  • %%College was king, pro sucked%%
• Basketball: Harlem Globe Trotters
• Baseball: Babe Ruth (Either loved him or hated him)
  • King
• Tennis and swimming also became popular

Hollywood

• Movies or motion pictures became very popular
  • Nickelodeons: Crude box, picture show (silent)…cost a nickel…became a huge industry
  • Charlie Chaplin: Huge star of silent films
  • Al Jolson: 1927…first “talkie”
  • “The Jazz Singer” was the first talkie
  • ==Talkie: Movie with talking==
  • Walt Disney: 1928…first sound cartoon…”Steamboat Willie,” “Mickey Mouse”…look at Disney now

Radio

• Very popular…every home had one
• KDKA in Pittsburgh: First radio station…1920
• Hear the news, sports, political speeches, & variety shows (Like when Annie was on that one radio show in the movie “Annie”)

The Automobile Industry

• Henry Ford
• Model T…created in 1908
• Model A…created in 1927
• Mass production through the use of the assembly line
• General Motors passed Ford as the largest manufacturer of the 20s based on the popularity of its Chevrolet
  • %%Created the first middle class…which will turn into the greatest middle class the world has ever seen in the 1950s%%
• How did the auto industry help improve the economy in other ways?
  • Created jobs
  • Road building
  • Oil industry
  • Manufacturing: Steel, rubber, glass, paint, etc.
  • Tourism
  • Gas stations, eateries, hotel
• Negative effects of automobiles:
  • Traffic
  • Accidents
  • Air pollution
  • Dependence on gas
  • Freedom

__Charles Lindbergh (“The Spirit of St. Louis”)__

• $Name of his airplane$
• $1927$
• $Made 1st solo non-stop flight from NYC to Paris$

America Heads for a Crash

• President Harding & President Coolidge were considered friends of big business and industry because in their opinion: The United States would continue to prosper if big business prospered

How did Government Help Big Business?

1. Tax cuts for the wealthy and big business
2. They raised tariffs…eliminated competition

• Sick industries: Coal, cotton, & woolen cloth industries
  • ==Sick industries: Working at low capacity, not bringing in much attraction==
• New methods and inventions
• American farmers suffered
  • Without war, the demand for their produce no longer existed
  • Mechanization hurt farming families
  • Less men needed to do the work
• Many businesses were producing more than the public wanted

Election of 1928

• $Herbert Hoover: Republican$
  • $Self-made millionaire$
• $Alfred Smith: Democrat$
  • $Governor of New York$

Reasons for Hoover’s Victory

• %%Won easily%%

1. Many Americans equated prosperity with Republicans
2. Religious intolerance (Smith was a Catholic)
3. Xenophobia (Smith was an immigrant)
4. Smith was against Prohibition (Lost fundamentalist vote)