Empiricism: Knowledge comes from sensory experience and observation.

Structuralism: Analyzes consciousness into basic elements using introspection. Key figures: Wundt, Titchener.

Functionalism: Studies how mental processes help individuals adapt to their environment. Influenced by Darwin. Proponent: James.

Experimental Psychology: Uses controlled experiments to study psychological phenomena.

Behaviorism: Focuses on observable behaviors and learning through conditioning. Key figures: Watson, Skinner.

Humanistic Psychology: Emphasizes personal growth and self-actualization. Key figures: Rogers, Maslow.

Cognitive Neuroscience: Studies brain functions related to cognitive processes like memory and perception.

Psychology: The scientific study of behavior and mental processes.

Nature-Nurture Issue: Debate over the influence of genetics (nature) vs. environment (nurture) on behavior.

Natural Selection: Traits that enhance survival and reproduction are passed on. Theory by Darwin.

Levels of Analysis: Different perspectives (biological, psychological, social) to understand psychological phenomena.

Biopsychosocial Approach: Considers biological, psychological, and social factors in understanding behavior.

Behavioral Psychology: Studies observable behaviors and learning through conditioning.

Biological Psychology: Examines physiological bases of behavior, including brain and genetics.

Cognitive Psychology: Studies mental processes such as perception and memory.

Evolutionary Psychology: Looks at how evolutionary processes influence thoughts and behaviors.

Psychodynamic Psychology: Focuses on unconscious processes and childhood experiences. Key figure: Freud.

Social-Cultural Psychology: Studies how social and cultural environments impact behavior.

Psychometrics: Involves measurement of psychological traits through tests and assessments.

Basic Research: Aims to increase fundamental knowledge without immediate practical application.

Developmental Psychology: Studies psychological changes across the lifespan.

Educational Psychology: Focuses on how people learn and effective teaching methods.

Personality Psychology: Studies individual personality traits and their influence on behavior.

Social Psychology: Examines how social interactions and societal influences affect behavior.

Applied Research: Solves practical problems using psychological principles.

Industrial-Organizational Psychology: Applies psychology to workplace issues like performance and behavior.

Human Factors Psychology: Designs systems and products to improve human performance and safety.

Counseling Psychology: Provides therapy for personal and emotional issues.

Clinical Psychology: Diagnoses and treats mental illnesses and emotional disturbances.

Psychiatry: Medical field diagnosing and treating mental disorders, often with medication. Psychiatrists are medical doctors.

Positive Psychology: Studies and promotes positive aspects of human experience, such as happiness.

Community Psychology: Focuses on mental health and well-being within community contexts.

Testing Effect: Improved long-term memory retention from retrieval practice (testing).

SQ3R: Study method involving Survey, Question, Read, Recite, and Review to enhance comprehension and retention.