Chapter 21_AFernando

Page 1: Introduction to Microbial Cardiovascular and Systemic Diseases

• Book Title: Microbiology with Diseases by Body System

• Chapter: 21

• Author: Robert W. Bauman

• Edition: Third Edition

• Lecture Prepared by: Mindy Miller-Kittrell

• Institution: North Carolina State University

Page 2: Anatomy Review of the Cardiovascular System

• Components:

  • Heart, blood, and blood vessels.

  • Arteries carry blood away from the heart, veins return blood to the heart.

• Blood Composition:

  • Serum: Liquid part of blood.

  • Formed Elements: Includes erythrocytes (red blood cells), leukocytes (white blood cells), and platelets.

Page 3: Bacterial Cardiovascular and Systemic Diseases

• Diseases:

  • Septicemia: Presence and multiplication of bacteria in blood.

  • Bacteremia: Presence of bacteria in blood.

  • Toxemia: Release of bacterial toxins into the blood.

  • Lymphangitis: Infection and inflammation of the lymphatic vessels.

Page 4: Signs, Symptoms, Pathogens of Septicemia, Bacteremia, and Toxemia

• Signs and Symptoms:

  • Fever, chills, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, malaise, disseminated intravascular clotting, hypotension.

  • Potential development of septic shock.

  • Development of petechiae (small hemorrhagic lesions).

• Toxemia Symptoms: Vary depending on the toxin.

  • Exotoxins: Produced by living microorganisms.

  • Endotoxins: Released from Gram-negative bacteria.

• Pathogens: Often opportunistic or nosocomial infections;

  • Septicemia more often caused by Gram-negative bacteria.

  • Bacteria with capsules resist phagocytosis; use siderophores to capture iron.

Page 5: Pathogenesis, Epidemiology, Diagnosis, Treatment

• Pathogenesis:

  • Direct inoculation of bacteria into blood causes septicemia.

• Epidemiology:

  • Rarely seen in immunocompetent individuals.

  • Gram-negative bacteria more associated with severe septicemia.

• Diagnosis: Typically based on signs and symptoms.

• Treatment: Involves prompt diagnosis and antimicrobial drugs.

• Prevention: Includes immediate treatment of infections, critical for immunocompromised individuals.

Page 6: Complications of Septicemia from Endotoxins

• Effects of Endotoxins:

  • Release of inflammatory mediators (TNF, IL-1, etc.) causing fever, shock, and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC).

  • Result in vascular damage and plasma loss, leading to hypotension.

Page 7: Endocarditis Overview

• Signs and Symptoms: Fever, fatigue, malaise, tachycardia.

• Pathogen: Primarily caused by viridans streptococci.

• Epidemiology: Increased risk in patients with abnormal hearts; results in vegetation on heart valves.

• Diagnosis and Treatment: Treated with intravenous antibiotics; prophylactic antibiotics for high-risk patients.

Page 8: Lyme Disease Overview

• Signs and Symptoms: Characterized by three untreated phases; includes a bull's-eye rash, neurological symptoms, and severe arthritis.

• Pathogen: Caused by Borrelia burgdorferi; evades immune detection.

• Epidemiology: Increasing prevalence tied to human expansion into woodland areas and deer population protection.

Page 9: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention of Lyme Disease

• Diagnosis: Based on symptoms; bacterium rarely detected in blood.

• Treatment: Antimicrobial drugs effective in early stages; late-stage treatment is challenging.

• Prevention: Use of repellents (DEET) and protective clothing.

Page 10: Life Cycle of the Deer Tick Ixodes

• Lifecycle Phases:

  • Uninfected larvae hatch, become nymphs after infection, and feed on animals/humans.

  • Adult ticks feed on deer; infected females lay uninfected eggs.

  • Detailed seasonal progression illustrated.

Page 11: Occurrence of Lyme Disease in the U.S.

• Data Overview: Graph illustrating the incidence of Lyme disease from 1985 to 2010 per 100,000 population.

  • Risk levels indicated from minimal to highest exposure.

Page 12: Infectious Mononucleosis Overview

• Signs and Symptoms: Severe sore throat and fever, swollen lymph nodes, fatigue.

• Pathogen: Epstein-Barr virus (EBV).

• Pathogenesis: Transmitted via saliva, more prevalent in teens/young adults; infects B lymphocytes.

Page 13: Diseases Associated with Epstein-Barr Virus

• Associated Diseases: Infectious mononucleosis, oral hairy leukoplakia, Burkitt’s lymphoma, chronic fatigue syndrome, nasopharyngeal cancer.

Page 14: Cytomegalovirus Disease Overview

• Signs and symptoms: Generally asymptomatic; complications in neonates and immunodeficient individuals.

• Pathogen: Cytomegalovirus (CMV).

• Epidemiology: Transmitted through body fluids; teratogenic effects noted.

Page 15: Cytomegalovirus Vertical Transmission

• Mechanism: CMV is transmitted from mother to fetus via the placenta; implications for fetal health.

Page 16: African Viral Hemorrhagic Fever (Ebola)

• Signs and Symptoms: Fever, fatigue, progressing to severe internal hemorrhaging.

• Pathogen: Ebolavirus or Marburgvirus; filamentous virus shape.

• Epidemiology: Endemic to Africa, transmitted through bodily fluids.

Page 17: Protozoan and Helminthic Cardiovascular Diseases

• Overview:

  • Protozoa from phylum Apicomplexa can cause cardiovascular diseases in humans.

  • Life cycles of these parasites require multiple host types.

Page 18: Life Cycle of Plasmodium (Malaria)

• Lifecycle Phases: Involves gametocytes, sporozoites, merozoites, and trophozoites; complex cycle with mosquito as a vector.

Page 19: Malaria Overview

• Signs and Symptoms: Fever and chills on a cyclical basis; anemia and fatigue.

• Pathogens: Four Plasmodium species responsible for malaria.

• Virulence Factors: Hide from immune surveillance and inject toxins into host cells.

Page 20: Malaria Pathogenesis, Epidemiology, and Treatment

• Pathogenesis: P. falciparum is the most severe form; certain genetic traits may provide resistance.

• Epidemiology: Endemic in tropics and subtropics; diagnosis made through blood analysis.

• Treatment and Prevention: Varies based on species; prevention requires effective mosquito control.