Name__Noah Hart______ Date____3/9/22____

Howard Goodall’s Story of Music The Age of Discovery – Part 1

1. Why is the history of music important? Because long ago, people only listened to music every so often, and we take it for granted. It also shows how we got to where we are now as civilization developed.
2. Paintings in the Chauvet Caves, found in Southern France, were placed in very specific areas. Where were they placed and how could singing save the Paleolithic people’s lives? They were placed at the places of greatest resonance (loudest part). It helped them find where they were in the caves by using their voices and as a survival technique like echolocation.
3. There is evidence that music was vital to ancient societies. Why don’t we know what the music sounds like? Because they could not write it down because there was no music notation.
4. In Denmark, there was a special instrument excavated. What was the name of the instrument and what family of instruments do you think it belongs to? Why is it important that we found them? Lures, and they look like a brass instrument. It is important we found them because it hints at a sophisticated society.
5. The Greeks had 7 compulsory subjects ; Name two. Grammar and Geometry.
6. Define Unison Chant - A chant with no accompaniment, harmony, or discernable rhythm, sung by monks in unison on the same pitch
7. The first harmony was created by adding Young boys to plain chant. What purpose did they serve? It sounds fuller and brighter when higher notes are added.
   
8. Define Octave: A series of 8 notes between and including 2 notes with double or half the frequency of the other.
9. Define Harmony : Simultaneous sounding of more than one note. Also known as organum. Added in fifth.
10. Define Drone : A instrument or person playing a single note held for a long period of time
11. Why is Cassia of Constantinople important to us? She is the first known female composer, and mixed simple but unpredictable harmonies in her music.
12. What were squiggles, and why were they of little help in reading music? Officially called Neumes, Work of anglo saxon monks to give indication of whether or not to go up or down, but they did not tell you which specific pitch or how far to go up or down, and you can’t learn music
13. What was Guido of Arezzo’s contribution to music? He gave squiggles a certain shape, called blobs, and placed them on lines to give a note a certain pitch, and essentially started modern music notation so that people could recreate, learn, and pass on music easier.
14. What was Perotin’s question? What would happen if you had more than two voices singing at the same time?
15. A cluster of simultaneous notes is called a ____Chord____________
16. What did Perotin contribute to the notation of music? He found a way to notate rhythm in music.
17. Pertotin wrote the piece “Vidernut omnes” 1198. Why is this important to us? He created revolutionary music for his time by using 3 and 4 part harmonies and complex rhythms.
18. Define Troubadour – Traveling singer-songwriters that accompanied themselves, freelancers, 1300s, instruments started to evolve
19. Muslim Spain provided the predecessor to 3 modern instruments. Name 2 of these. rhabbab- violin, al-ud - lute, guitar khannun - zither.
20. The culture of Islam provided instruments to the world as well as what? They provided rhythm.
21. At the end of the 14^th century, what components of music were in place? Notation, layering of voices, and instruments
22. Before 1400, harmony included which 3 intervals? unison (not interval), octave, perfect 4th and perfect 5th
23. What interval did John Dunstaple introduce after the year 1400? The imperfect third.
24. Why is Dunstaple’s interval imperfect? Because the third has two versions, major or minor (it can change).
25. Define Triad: Three notes played together, consisting of a root note, third, and fifth, Chord
26. What are the 16th Century instruments mentioned? Cither - guitar like instrument, Lute, Viol, and Violin, Virginal, Organ
    
    
    
27. Early carols were derived from what? from Jaunty Folk Dances
    
28. What is polyphony? The layering of many voices
    
    
29. What was invented in 1450 in Germany by Gutenberg? The Printing Press
    
    
30. Who was one of the most impressionistic composers of the Renaissance? Why? Josquin Desprez . He was important because he tried to bring out the meaning of the words of the music, and the words were always audible. He focused on lyrics and the music matches the lyrics.
    
31. What is a melisma? Long stretches of melody are attached to one syllable.
    
    
32. In 1517, who started the Reformation? Why was this important? What influence does he have on music? Martin Luther. This is important because in Lutheran churches, the congregation was involved in their own language. This influence is shown by the music progressing note by note and syllable by syllable and had easy to pick up tunes/melodies.
    
    
33. What followed the Reformation? What was the mood? Religious intolerance and State-sponsored terror. Penance, remorse, and lamentation found in music. Heavy and Dark music
    
    
34. As the 16th century ended what happened? A new wave of secular music emerged from Italy, serious religious music lost prominence, more joyful music, equal amounts of secular and sacred.
    
    
35. Who was the pioneering figure in folk music following the Reformation? Jacques Alcadect, start to focus on music
    
    
36. WHat is the french equivalent of the madrigal (non-sacred, usually only voice, sometimes Lute? Chansonts
    
37. Who is John Dowland? What is he known for? Most celebrated singer songwriter in Europe at the time, Shakespeare contemporary, known for being interested in humans and their emotions, radically different music. Focus on emotions and lyrics match music
    
    
38. Who was the most influential in making Opera big? Claudio Monteverdi
    
39. What is dissonance? Deliberate clashes of a chord, mixing of unrelated chords
    
    
40. Why was Venice important in music? The huge cavernous St. Marks Basilica was like a music laboratory for Italian composers, and the city served as a hub for music
    
    
41. What is polychoral? many choirs in different places

1. What was the Opera premiered in 1608? Who wrote it? Why was it important? L’Orfeo, Monteverdi, it was important because it was filled with emotion, and it was shown on stage.
   
2. Why is Poppea so radical? Because it was about real people and their complex messy emotions shown on stage.