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Age of Exploration
- A period of time between the 1400s and 1600s
- Also known as the Age of Discovery
- Europeans engaged in an unprecedented level of exploration
- Europeans ventured beyond their homelands to explore, conquer, and colonize other continents
- Most of this exploration occurred in the New World—Americas, Africa, and Asia
- Navigation and mapping methods improved
- Transitioned from traditional portolan charts to the world's first nautical maps
- Colonies and Europe exchanged new foods, plants, and animals
- Native communities were devastated by the combined effects of disease, overwork, and massacres
- The impact continues today, with many former colonies still considered developing countries
- The colonizing nations are now First World countries holding the majority of the world’s wealth
- The vast overseas exploration, especially the opening of sea routes to the Indies
- European colonization of the Americas by the Spanish and Portuguese, later joined by the English, French, and Dutch
Positive
- Provided opportunities for societies and cultures to interact
- Brought all parts of the world into contact with one another
- Paved the way for the globalized economy we see today
Negative
- Had deep and often devastating consequences for indigenous peoples worldwide
- These interactions resulted in significant social, cultural, economic, and demographic changes for native communities
Motives
- Religion
- Scientific and cultural curiosity
- Economy
- Colonialism
Magellan
- Known as the Magellan–Elcano expedition
- Led by the Portuguese Ferdinand Magellan
- One of the most significant voyages of the Age of Discovery
- Its goal was to cross the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans to open a trade route with the Moluccas, or Spice Islands
- Natives lived in a prosperous society
- Connected to the eastern world through trade
- Magellan's expedition introduced Christianity to the Philippines
- Spaniards interacted with the native Filipinos from Homonhon Island
- Established a positive relationship with Rajah Colambu of Butuan Island
- Humabon and five hundred of his men were baptized
Villalobos
- Ruy Lopez de Villalobos began his expedition to the Philippines from Barra de Navidad, New Spain or Nueva España (now Mexico) on November 1, 1542
- Villalobos reached Mindanao on February 2 the following year
- First Spaniard to explore Mindanao
- Established a colony in Sarangani, but it didn’t last due to a lack of food
- Headed to Tidore in the Moluccas, where they were captured by the Portuguese
- Gave the name "Felipinas" (1543) in honor of King Philip II
- Villalobos first gave the name "Felipinas" to one of the southern islands, Tandaya (possibly Leyte)
- The name was later expanded and used for the entire archipelago
- According to Dr. Jose Rizal’s annotations on The History of the Philippines (1609) by Antonio de Morga
- The name "Felipinas" was confirmed by King Philip II in a decree in Villadolid, Spain, on September 24, 1559 (according to Pablo Pastells S.J.)
- His expedition aimed to conquer islands not claimed by Portugal
- Sought to find a sea route back to Mexico
Legazpi
- Legazpi’s expedition landed in Cebu on February 13, 1565
- They proceeded to Leyte, Camiguin, and Bohol, where he made a blood compact with Datu Sikatuna
- Legazpi returned to Cebu on April 27, 1565, destroyed Rajah Tupas' town, and established a settlement
- Named Cebu as Ciudad del Santisimo Nombre de Jesus, the first permanent Spanish settlement in the Philippines, marking the start of colonization
- Built the port of Fuerza de San Pedro, which became Spain's trading outpost and fort for the region
- Sent a 300-man expedition led by Martin de Goiti to Manila
- Discovered the islands of Panay and Mindoro
- Goiti arrived in Manila on May 8, 1570, and formed an alliance with Rajah Sulayman
- Spaniards conquered Manila
- Miguel Lopez de Legazpi arrived and made peace with Rajah Sulayman, Lakandula, and Matanda
- In 1571, Legazpi ordered the construction of the walled city of Intramuros, declaring it the seat of the colonial government and the capital of the islands
- In 1572, Legazpi died and was buried at San Agustin Church in Intramuros
- In 1574, King Philip II of Spain granted Manila the title "Insigne y Siempre Leal Ciudad de España" (Distinguished and Ever Loyal City of Spain)
- The Philippines was governed by Spain from Mexico
- Served as a port, hub, and trading post for Spanish goods
- The Philippines was Spain's only colony in Asia
Here’s the translation formatted into bullet points:
Filipino Communities in the Face of Change
- Initial Institutions Established
- Reduccion
- Encomienda System
- Government Organization (national, local)
- Visita and Residencia
- Reduccion
- Transfer to a location easily accessible to missionary priests
- Physical organization of the community to expedite conversion to Christianity
- These areas became centers for colonial communities
- Construction of a church alongside a municipal building (casa tribunal), military post, and marketplace
- Establishment of a plaza mayor
- Reduccion and Christianization
- Attracted people to settle within the reduccion
- Colorful processions
- Celebrations such as Flores de Mayo, Sinakulo, and Moro Moro
- Promise of free housing
- Threat and Violence Using Military Force (la reduccion or el castigo)
- Effects of Reduccion
- Made it easier for friars to fulfill their duty of baptizing Filipinos and teaching them Catholic Christian doctrine
- Occurred moral, spiritual, and psychological changes
- Filipinos followed the friars, who were seen as representatives of God on earth
- Acceptance of colonial obligations such as paying tribute, providing service (polo y servicios), bandala, etc.
- Encomienda
- Division of the colony into smaller regions
- Administrators in the territory responsible for:
- Protecting the people within the encomienda
- Maintaining order and peace
- Promoting educational and health programs
- Assisting in the spread of Christianity
- Governor-General
- Executive and judicial powers
- Head of the Royal Audiencia
- Military leader
- Appoints individuals to important positions
- Provincial Government
- Alcaldias
- Corregimientos
- Ayuntamientos
- Indulto de Comercio
- Municipal Government
- Pueblo
- List of tax payers (padron)
- Recruitment of people for forced labor and military integration (quinto)
- Judge for civil cases
- Bario
- Barangays divided into smaller districts
- Led by a cabeza de barangay
- Responsibilities:
- Maintain peace and order
- Gather people for forced labor
- Collect taxes
- Visita and Residencia
- System aimed at creating a "check and balance"
- Residencia - conducted before the end of a government official's term
- Visita - conducted by a visitador-general to assess the colony's condition
- Economy
- Galleon Trade
- Manila-Acapulco Trade or Los Naos de Manila
- Land ownership by friars or "friar estates"
- Tenant system or inquilinato and hacienda
- Culture
- Hispanic culture - interaction between indigenous culture and the cultures from Europe (Spain) and Latin America (Mexico)
- Heritage of the colonial period in architecture, music, linguistics, literature, painting, sculpture, cooking, clothing, food, flora and fauna, religious art, and many more
- Tangible and intangible types of heritage
- Churches, bridges, farola or parola, plaza complex, bastions or stone forts or watch towers, bahay na bato, casa parroquial or convent, images of saints
- Kundiman, la jota, pandanggo, komedya, korido, sinakulo, pasyon
- Social
- Nobility or gentry became Hispanized (hispanized) - principales or principalia
- Cabeza de barangay and gobernadorcillo who became recipients of Spanish culture in their clothing, speech, and behavior
- Titles Don and Doña which emphasize their position in colonial society
- This structure provided opportunities for them to own property like land and engage in business
- Emergence of mestizos (mestizo-Spanish, sangley, or mestizo-Chinese)
- Indio - unmixed indigenous people
- Rebellions
- Many Filipinos disagreed with the system dictated by colonial discourse
- Expressed through avoidance, deviation, separation, exclusion, armed resistance, and mountain dwelling of Filipinos
- Direct rebellions - reactions of Filipinos to the changes occurring in their lives
- Outsiders
- Those who deviated and chose to remain in areas unreachable by the "sound of the bell" (bajo de la campana) were considered outsiders
- "Insiders" who accepted the colonial order were said to have also accepted "civilization" and "security"
- Outsiders showed resistance to the imposed order and in their free living outside the center, were regarded by colonial leaders as infieles
- Cimarrones
- Infieles
- Monteses
- Malhechores
- Remontados
- Tulisanes and other negative labels
- Resistance in the Cordillera
- Showed relentless resistance to colonial power
- In the 16th-18th centuries, Igorotes rejected religious missions attempting to teach Catholicism
- Due to the free movement of natives in the Cordillera mountains and their refusal to submit to colonial institutions, they were labeled indios independientes
- Resistance in Mindanao
- Directly challenged colonial power using military force
- 1578 - late 19th century, the colonial government continued sending military expeditions
- In the 16th century, the Sultanate of Sulu led the war against the Spanish
- From merely defending their territories, Muslims (towns near the Visayas) launched offensives
- Their resistance did not end with the departure of Spanish colonialism and continued into the American period
- Uprisings
- Loss of precolonial power
- Issues regarding religion and a return to native religions
- Opposition to colonial oppression brought by colonial institutions
- Land ownership issues
- Uprisings in Various Parts of the Archipelago
- Uprising of Lakandula and Soliman 1574
- Conspiracy of the Maharlika 1587-1588
- Tamblot 1621-1622
- Dagohoy 1744-1829
- Miguel Lanab and Alababan 1625-1627
- Tapar 1663
- Francisco River 1718
- Apolinario de la Cruz 1840-1841
- Magalat 16th century
- Luis Magtangaga 1718
- Juan Caragay 1719
- Juan de la Cruz Palaris 1762
- Diego Silang 1762
- Lagutao 1785
- Samal Mutiny 1787
- Ambaristo or Basi Revolt 1807
- Uprising in Cavite in 1745
- Juan Ponce Sumuroy and Pedro Sumudoy 1649-1650
- Luis Casimiro Camerino “El Tulisan” mid-1860s
- 1788 Reglamento - to reduce restrictions on trade between Spain and its colonies
- 1784 Governor-General Jose Basco - “plan economico general”:
- Establishment of monopolies like the tobacco monopoly
- Organization of Real Compania de Filipinas
- Launch of Real Sociedad Economica de los Amigos del pais
- Initiatives and policies for the development of agriculture from a subsistence economy to creating exportable crops for the world market
- Arrival of capitalism in the colonial economy
- Opening of ports outside of Manila and the development of their respective cities or "port cities" like Iloilo in global commerce
- Mestizos participated in clearing vast forests on the island, such as Negros, to create haciendas
- Education, Science, and Colonial Institutions
- Christianity - teaching its doctrines was a strong force for change during the occupation, not only in colonizing the souls of the natives but also in the initial pathways to education in the colony
- First schools - escuelas parroquiales or parish schools, often part of the casa parroquial or convent where learning focused on elements of Catholic catechism: prayer, rosary, or confession
- This was the hidden discourse and shadow surrounding the content of prayers taught to children to help them develop skills in reading, writing, speaking, and counting
- Institutions Established by the Church
- Seminary - created indigenous and mestizo priests to serve in churches and parishes—secular priests not belonging to the religious orders of friars
- Convent/beatery
- Diseases and Disasters
- Relationship between the spread of Christianity and the healing of the sick
- Sacrament of baptism - providing remedy for illness which seemed to represent the original sin inherent in humans since birth
- Having an illness signifies that the sick person has committed a grave sin and their illness is a punishment from the Almighty
- Health
- Plants or yerba - remedies for illness
- Oil derived from coconuts
- Missionaries responsible for treating the sick
- Asylums, hospices, and colegios, beaterio.
- Medicos titulares - sent to pueblos
- Collection of plants that expanded knowledge regarding their medicinal properties as remedies and medicines for the sick