NOTE: WILL EDIT IN THE FUTURE TO MAKE IT MORE READABLE! These definitions are from my FLASHCARD SET. Most definitions are uniquely by me but there are Heimler definitions in there as well!

caste system in India “Purity” may refer to the Indian caste system; the Hindu system that is still in use today and affects how many people get jobs and positions, which affects them and the country economically, socially, and politically

Dynastic Cycle: Each dynasty of China rises to a political, cultural, and economic peak and then, because of moral corruption, declines, loses the MANDATE OF HEAVEN, and falls, only to be replaced by the next dynasty. This cycle then repeats as the decades pass.

Filial Piety: the important virtue and primary duty of respect, obedience, and care for one’s parents and elderly family members.

Buddhism ain’t about what? Buddhism IS NOT about the family

The internal turmoil and disunity resulting from the Sunni-Shi’ite schism was over what? who should replace Muhammad

diffusion of Islam Expansionism by caliphates such as the Ummayad Caliphate diffused Islam into places like the Iberian Peninsula (Spain & Portugal)

Syncretism: the blending of 2 religions

Governors = bureaucracy

3 types of Buddhism Theravada Buddhism, Mahayana Buddhism, Tibetan Buddhism

5 Pillars of Islam shahadah, salah, zakat, sawm, haij

The Abbasid Caliphate was ethnically what? ETHNICALLY ARAB

Shifts in the government of Muslim empires (1200-1450) While Muslim empires were still around during 1200-1450, they were now ruled by ETHNIC TURKS, not ETHNIC ARABS

Continuity & Change in Governments: Muslim Empires (1200-1450) During 1200-1450, the dominance of Arab Muslim empires was fading, and Turkic Muslim empires were taking their place. However, sharia law and a militaristic government was used by both Turkic and Arab empires, showing continuity over time.

Many conversions to Islam in South Asia were due to: SUFI MISSIONARIES

Decentralized & Centralized Governments in the Americas (1200-1450): The Aztecs were mostly decentralized in how they ruled while the Incas were more centralized

This is an example of something that WASN’T a Chinese innovation: Song China didn’t have a common written language; instead, people spoke different versions of the Chinese language.

chinampa system -Created by the Aztecs (

Mexica people

)

-Whole gardens that floated on top of the water, allowing the roots to have direct access to water; this innovative system also allowed for an increased food supply, which led to population growth and overall improvement in health, much like the Three-Field System in Feudal Europe

Cultural Diffusion: various ideas and cultural traits were exchanged through trade (ie. The Silk Road)

Networks of Exchange The Silk Road & other trade routes

“Flying Money”: Chinese system in which merchants and their families could receive a financial paper in one region and then go to another region and exchange that same paper for coins (basically like exchanging a $10 for 200 nickels)

Bill of Exchange: very similar to “flying money” (this is what it was called by the Chinese btw); a merchant could trade in a bill for money (this was in Europe instead)

Caravanserai: random “hotels” that were usually located in areas along the Silk Road and other frequently traveled trading routes. Provided protection from thiefs and caused CULTURAL EXCHANGE & DIFFUSION (ie. sufi missionaries spreading islam, christian missionaries spreading christianity, spread of other religions, spread of different cultures)

Frame & Mattress Saddle: Mainly used on camels; (also why do I need to know this bros but anyway) allowed merchants to carry double the load of a regular saddle

Trading Cities: Kashgar & Samarkand; also allowed for cultural exchange & diffusion

Proto-Industrialization (def by our Lord and Savior Heimler): A process by which China (and other states) began producing more goods than their own population could consume, which were then sold in distant markets.

Pax Mongolica century of peace under Mongol rule AFTER they plundered and murdered everyone and everything 💀💀💀

Mandate of Heaven Chinese philosophy where one person is guarenteed the right to rule by the heavens

Three-Field System in Feudal Europe didn’t deplete soil, but allowed soil to regain nutrients and nitrogen back by rotating through 3 crops

Mongol Policy 1: Not killing skilled peoples (Heimler def): because it was the Mongol policy to send skilled people to all different parts of the empire, that movement encouraged the transfer of technology and ideas and culture.

Areas where women had more freedom (as they should): Songhay Kingdom in West Africa & The Mongolian Empire

Areas where women DID NOT have much freedom: Song China & Korea

Korea was influenced by how the Chinese treated women and even imposed stricter restrictions on Korean women

both Korean & Chinese women were held under strict restrictions influenced by CONFUCIANISM

CONFUCIANISM (KNOW THIS) belief heavily based on ethics; government officials should live lives of virtue (be virtuous) so that the people they ruled would follow their example; the Chinese Imperial Bureaucracy heavily based their society and govt on this ideal

Simony a medieval church practice that involved the buying and selling of things of a spiritual nature, including church offices

Zheng He Chinese mariner, explorer, diplomat, fleet admiral, and court eunuch during the early Ming dynasty often regarded as the greatest admiral in Chinese history. Greatly expanded the economic reach of China in India, Africa, and various countries in the Middle East

Maritime “sea-based”

magnetic compass Invented during the Chinese Han Dynasty, it is a navigation instrument used for determining direction; allowed ships to travel without hugging shores

lateen sails Triangle-shaped sails whose design allowed ships to sail against the wind. These sails were perfected by Arab traders.

astrolabe Measurement device to determine latitude; mix of Greek and Persian (also used to see stars or chart them)

monsoon winds alternating wind currents that blew eastward across the Indian Ocean in the summer and westward in the winter,

facilitating trade

; knowledge of these winds allowed for better trade (like knowing the right time to go trade and stuff);

chinese junk ancient Chinese sailing ship design that is still in use today. Developed during the Song Dynasty and were used as seagoing vessels as early as the 2nd century CE.

arab dhows arab ships that had triangular sails (lateen sails!)

goods traded on the silk roads silk, porcelain

goods traded during indian ocean trade cotton textiles, grains, luxury goods

strait of malacca the shortest shipping route between the Far East and the Indian Ocean. The Malaccan Sultanate shoved taxes onto ships passing through (which economically benefitted them; sea-based empire)

diaspora (MUST KNOW; Heimler def): *means “disperse”

a group of people from one place who establish a home in another place while retaining their cultural customs

cultural and technological changes that came through trade Merchants brought their religion & culture along with their goods, causing an increase in diasporas, cultural exchange, and the spread of various religions, such as Islam.

(the spread of these items is just as significant as the goods that were traded)

trans-saharan goods gold, kola nuts, horses, salt

kola nuts basically a super important nut that was traded; must know for ap exam

mansa musa Leader of Mali; Muslim; the richest man in world history; ruined the value of the currency of Egypt and its economy, causing it to collapse.

haij pilgrimage to mecca (muslim holy site)

guano bird/bat poop (yes I’m serious) which is full of nitrates and other stuff which was used as fertilizer for crops.

found in Peru, Chile, etc.

chan buddhism buddhism + confucianism; good example of syncretism

zen buddhism branch of Buddhism in JAPAN (syncretism between Buddhism + Shintoism)

neo-confucianism “edited version” of Confucianism used by the Song Dynasty, who modified Confucianism to meet their needs.

Swahili language mixture of Bantu & Arabic; good example of a cultural transfer between peoples

House of Wisdom big library located in Baghdad during the Abbasid Caliphate

effects of trade on cities for all trading cities, the expansion of trading networks only increased their influence and that resulted in an increase in productivity in those places.

sacking of Baghdad Mongols destroyed the place; caused a decline for the city and brought the end of the Abbasid Caliphate.

sacking of Constantinople Ottomans destroyed the city and renamed it Istanbul; brought an end to the Byzantine Empire.

Ibn Battuta Muslim scholar from Morocco; traveled all over Dar-al-Islam and wrote extensive notes about people, places, culture, and rulers.

Marco Polo Traveled from Italy to China and throughout the Indian Ocean; wrote about the mass wealth and grandeur of China and the court of Kublai Khan, which opened the eyes of many European readers.

Margery Kemp Christian mystic; while illiterate, she recited her stories of travel to others who wrote them down for her; made pilgrimages to Christianity’s holy sites.

bubonic plague spread by the Mongols; a consequence of connectivity (allowed the disease to spread quickly)

Important Foods (1200-1450): -cirtus fruits, bananas, yams,

champa rice

-these foods allowed for better health, more variation in diets, and a healthier lifestyle, causing population growth

population growth more food = more babies

champa rice durable, drought-resistant strain of rice introduced in China through the Champa Kingdom in Vietnam; could be harvested twice a year and caused significant population growth in China.

civil service exam exam that opened up the Chinese Imperial Bureaucracy to more people, mostly rich men

Hangzhou Song capital city; a cosmopolitan metropolis w/ active centers of commerce & entertainment (could be considered a trading city)

diasporic community a settlement/community of ethnic people in a location other than their homeland

gunpowder originally invented in China; through networks of exchange, it spread to Muslim Empires & Eastern European states.

tribute system system in China where other countries gave “tribute” to China so that China wouldn’t occupy them

the mongol empire established the largest land-based empire of all time

networks of exchange increased significantly

facilitated technological and cultural transfers (created the conditions to transfer Arabic knowledge to Europe, Uyghur script)

practice question 1 (from Albert): Which of the following improvements in transportation technology most likely led to the expansion of the Indian Ocean trade routes to include Africa? Knowledge of monsoon winds allowed ships to travel larger distances, including the African coast.

gunpowder empires these empires were land-based

each empire was expanding geographically

main cause of that expansion was the adoption of gunpowder weapons

dardanelles chokepoint near Ottoman Empire that they used to launch multiple campaigns of expansion

ottoman vs. safavid empire: religious conflict safavid empire declared themselves as a shi’a muslim state, whereas the ottomans where sunni muslims

they clashed over who should be the sucessor of Muhammad, with the Shi’as saying it should be a blood relative and the Sunnis saying it should be an elected individual

mughal empire sunni muslims:

Akbar: tolerant of all religions

ming dynasty ETHNICALLY HAN: after the Mongols went away they became ethnically chinese again

qing dynasty manchu people: they were not ethnically han, so clashes between them and the ethnically han occurred

Safavid-Mughal Conflict religious conflict over who was the rightful heir to previous Muslim dynasties; sunnis v shi’as

legitimizing power (MUST KNOW): refers to the methods the ruler uses to communicate to all their subjects WHO is in charge

consolidating power (MUST KNOW): Measures a ruler uses to take power from other groups and claim it for himself/herself

bureaucracy a body of government officials responsible for administering the empire and ensures the laws are being kept

ottoman devshirme system a system by which the Ottomans staffed their imperial bureaucracy with highly trained individuals, most of whom were enslaved (ie: christian boys)

janissaries highly-trained ottoman military officials

palace of versailles The place WHERE Louis XVI consolidated his power by forcing the French nobility to live in the palace, taking away their power and indirectly giving himself the highest seat of power

sale of indulgences the church started handing out slips of paper that pardoned your “sins”; gaslighting people in the name of religion

95 theses Martin Luther’s complaints about the Church (they were his opps fr)

printing press allowed information to be available to all parts of the globe; caused increased communication between states and caused an increased amount of people to become literate (allowing them to be smarter and create better political and economic ideas)

land-based empire an empire whose power comes from the extent of its territorial holdings

astronomical charts diagrams of stars & constellations (influenced by Greeks)

shipbuilding innovations (unit 4) Caravel (Portugal)

Carrack (Portugal)

Fluyt (Dutch)

Columbian Exchange: the transfer of new diseases, food, plants, and animals between the Eastern & Western hemispheres.

cash cropping a method of agriculture in which foods are grown primarily for export to other places

chattel slavery race-based

became hereditary (was passed onto children)

ownership of human beings; a system of bondage in which a slave has the legal status of property and can be bought and sold like property

encomienda system labor system used by the Spanish where they forced indigenous peoples to work for them in exchange for food, protection, & other necessities (similar to FEUDALISM)

hacienda system glorified Spanish plantations

more focused on the economics of food exports

five relationships of Confucianism

ruler & subject

father & son

elder brother & younger brother (big bro and lil bro)

husband & wife

friend & friend (amigos)

Theravada vs. Mahayana Buddhism Theravada developed in India and southeast Asia and is simpler and more closely related to the original teachings of Buddha than Mahayana. Mahayana is primarily practiced in East Asia and involves more ritual practices and ceremonies that are unrelated to the teachings of Buddha.

seljuks a prominent

Turkic

nomadic people who played a significant role in the history of the Islamic world during the medieval period

jesuits Catholic religious society that was founded to encourage the renewal of Catholicism through education & preaching

mercantilism a state-driven economic system that emphasizes the buildup of mineral (gold, silver) wealth by maintaining a favorable balance of trade (basically like the more resources I have the less for you; by consolidating limited resources that other states want, you are exercising this system)

favorable balance of trade merchants wanted more exports than imports

making more colonies allowed for this to happen

*exports are KING bros

joint-stock company a limited-liability business, often chartered by the state, which was funded by a group of investors

ex: Dutch East India Company

silver growing demand for it in China further developed the commercialization of their economy

BOLIVIA

sugar abundance of this food item lowered costs and increased demand

polygyny men marrying multiple women

challenges & resistance to state power (unit 4, from Heimler) because of the relentless efforts of European states to expand their empires and consolidate power under themselves, the various groups that suffered the effects of that expansion resisted, both successfully & unsuccessfully.

iberian peninsula (MUST KNOW): spain & portugal

jizya tax non-muslims had to pay in the Ottoman Empire

the enlightenment (Heimler def): an intellectual movement that applied new ways of understanding, such as rationalism, and empiricist approaches to both the natural world and human relationships.

empiricism (Heimler def): the idea that true knowledge is gained through the senses, mainly through rigorous experimentation

individualism (Heimler def): the most basic element of society was the individual human and not collective groups

natural rights (Heimler def): individual humans are born with certain rights that cannot be infringed upon by governments or any other entity

social contract (Heimler def): human societies, endowed with natural rights, must construct governments of their own will to protect their natural rights

nationalism (Heimler def; MUST KNOW): a sense of commonality among a people based on shared language, religion, social customs, and often linked w/ a desire for territory (sometimes states felt that just because of their nationality they were entitled to certain areas of land; this caused many conflicts)

suffrage the right to vote

Abbasid Caliphate Ethnically Arab; but was taken over by the Mongol Empire

Became ethnically Turk

Hinduism’s impact on Southeast and South Asia The Caste system created a rigid social hierarchy that affected the rights of women and lower-class people

South Asian rulers could claim divine legitimacy before their subjects

srivijaya empire Sea-based empire in Southeast Asia that took taxes from ships that passed through its chokepoint, strengthening its economy

daoism A Chinese belief system that emphasizes nature

was created through syncretism (Buddhism + Confucianism) (not entirely but was heavily influenced by these 2 religions)

sufism focused on Mysticism

form of Islam

Maya city-states Centralized city-states that were led by god-kings

Large temples, cities, and trading networks

Great Zimbabwe Dominance over the source of gold in the interior gave it great advantage in trade & commerce

Instability of the gold mine, famine, and water scarcity may have been leading causes for the decline of the empire around 1450

Ethiopia Christian

Jewish merchants also brought Judaism there, and there is still a small population of Jews living there today

FEUDALISM (MUST KNOW): Serfs: laborers who were bound to the land and never left

Serfs' children also became serfs

In exchange, they got food and protection and other stuff

Very agricultural

Sections of land were given to fiefs by the king/queen in exchange for loyalty

manorialism Laborers were bound to the manor and never left

dependent on serfdom and indentured servitude/labor

very similar (if not almost the same) as Feudalism

Role of Roman Catholic Church on medieval European society The Roman Catholic Church took up a leadership role when war was ensuing in the Roman Empire, providing food and water to the people.

Byzantine Empire Mongols sacked Constantinople

city in Roman Empire

Eastern Orthodox (aka Greek Orthodox) a group of Christian churches that originated in the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire

Russia uses this

Great Schism of 1054 divide (“schism”) between Catholic & Roman Catholic Church

created the two largest denominations in Christianity—the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox faiths

The Crusades Between Christians & Muslims

Wars influenced by religion

Luxury Goods (Unit 2) Gold, silver, pepper, porcelain, silk, other spices

IDEAS!!!

Tea, ivory,

cotton

, wool

Money Economy economic system in which goods or services are paid for through the exchange of a token of an agreed value

Indian Ocean Trade System vast network of trade routes between South Asia, Southeast Asia, and Dar-al-Islam

Expansion of trade increased wealth

Cultural diffusion and exchange

Diasporas (Chinese merchants in Southeast Asia)

Spread of Religions (Islam & Buddhism)

Swahili-City States East Africa

All shared a common language (Swahili)

All shared a common religion (Islam)

Gold

Diasporic Merchant Communities (Examples): Muslim merchants in Africa

Chinese merchants in Southeast Asia

Malay communities in the Indian Ocean Basin

Arabs & Persians in East Asia

Ming Dynasty

the last imperial dynasty of China ruled by the Han people, the majority ethnic group in China.

Trans-Saharan Trade Routes Cultural exchange & spread of religion

provided stability in West Africa (gold trade)

a network of trade routes that crossed the Sahara Desert in Africa, connecting the Mediterranean coast to the West African savannah and the sub-Saharan region

caravans Revolutionized travel over the trans-saharan trade routes

diffusion of gunpowder created by the Chinese (this card will be updated)

diffusion of paper created by the Chinese (this card will be updated)

Mongol Khanates the Golden Horde, the Great Khanate (or Yuan Dynasty), the Ilkhanate, and the Chagatai Khanate

Cultural Transfers in the Mongol Empire block printing & gunpowder

Qing Dynasty Chinese dynasty ruled by the Manchu People

One of the only dynasties in China that wasn’t ruled by the ethnic Han

Tokugawa Japan Restored Japan to its former glory after a period of unrest

Sikhism Founded by Guru Nanak

Mixture of Islam & Hinduism but is still it’s own religion

The Divine Faith Combined many elements of different religions by Akbar the Great in Mughal India

European Divine Right “God gave me the right to rule”

European ideal stated that rulers derived their power from God and therefore could not be held accountable for their actions by Parliament

Forbidden City (Google): a palace complex in Beijing, China. It was the political capital of China during the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) and the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911). It is well-known for its preserved architecture and historical artifacts

Zamindars military leaders whose duties included collecting taxes on behalf of the Mughal Empire

Ottoman Millet System The

administration of separate religious communities acknowledged each community's authority in overseeing its own communal affairs, primarily through independent religious court systems and schools.

Tax Farming a system where the right to collect taxes is auctioned off to the highest bidder, who then attempts to collect more than they paid for the privilege

Suleymaniye Mosque Ottoman Empire; Suleiman the Great (this card will be updated)

daimyo Land-owning Japanese elite

Had

samurai

defend said land and also used them as bodyguards

Thirty Years War Emperor Ferdinand forced Catholicism throughout the region, which made Protestants fear losing their rights to worship

War between Catholics & Protestants

Protestant Reformation The Reformation started by

Martin Luther

about the Catholic Church

He stated that the policies of the Church were corrupt

The Printing Press

allowed him to spread his complaints and ideas over Europe

created a branch of Christianity called

Protestantism

Calvinism People who follow this faith believe that, at the beginning of time, God selected a limited number of souls to grant salvation and there's nothing any individual person can do during their mortal life to alter their eternal fate

Founded by John Calvin

Church of England Anglican Church

Counter-Reformation reformation the Catholic Church and what it stood for

Apply this when remembering this: “Every action has an equal and opposite reaction”

The church saw that the Protestant Reformation was getting very popular and carried out multiple meetings in which they did get rid of some of their policies but mostly they did this to counteract the Protestant Reformation

Inquisition A powerful office that was set up within the Catholic Church to root out and punish heresy throughout Europe and the Americas. Beginning in the 12th century and continuing for hundreds of years , its infamous for the severity of its tortures and its persecution of Jews and Muslims

Ming Dynasty Imperial Portraits These portraits were used to show the authority of the emperor

95 Theses (Part 2) Martin Luther’s 95 complaints about things he hated about the Church (ex: selling of indulgences did not sit well with him)

Contributed to the Protestant Reformation

Pinned these to the Church door, letting them know directly

steam engine (Heimler def): a machine that converted fossil fuel into mechanical energy

created by James Watt

Trans-Siberian Railroad (Google): The Railway boosted Siberian agriculture and Russian trade. It provided a better link between the barren lands of Eastern Russia with the governmental centers of European Russia. The Trans-Siberian line remains today the most important transportation line in Russia

Meiji Restoration (Heimler): Japan sought to escape foreign domination by adopting much of the industrial practices that had made the West powerful

Quentin Canal in France developed by Napoleon

1st Industrial Revolution: Main Sources of Energy coal (used in steam engines)

iron

2nd Industrial Revolution: Main Sources of Energy oil

steel

internal combustion engine (Heimler def): was developed to harness the energy of gasoline

environmental affects of industrialization & rapid urbanization air pollution, deforestation

Bessemer Process combined carbon w/ carbon and blasted air onto it; used in STEEL PRODUCTION

telegraph Developed by Samuel Morse; used MORSE CODE

Increase in Trade & Migration (Unit 5; Heimler def): as a result of this, states across the world were becoming more closely interlinked into a global economy.

Nationalism (Heimler def): a sense of commonality among a people based on shared language, religion, social customs, and often a desire for territory

Some states tried to use this “nationalistic fervor” to promote a sense of unity among their people (ex: nationalistic unity using language)

Wahhabi Movement (Heimler def): sought to reform the corrupted form of Islam in the Ottoman Empire (contributed to the decline of the Ottoman Empire)

Popular Sovereignty (Heimler def): the power to govern was in the hands of the people

Liberalism (Heimler def): an economic and political ideology that emphasizes the protection of civil rights, representative government, the protection of private property, and economic freedom

French Revolution The American Revolution inspired this; when Louis the 16th attempted to tighten control and increase taxes to pay war debts, the French people rebelled and set up a republic; Marie Antoinette's excessive spending also contributed to this

Haitian Revolution French Revolution inspired this; Haitian slaves, led by Toussaint Louverture, revolted against the French and established a republic

Latin American Revolutions Creoles weren’t happy that Peninsulares were getting the most power

Which ideals were the main cause of revolutions during the period 1750-1900? Enlightenment ideals

Industrial Revolution (Heimler def): the process by which states transitioned from primarily agrarian economies to industrial economies

Industrial Revolution Happenings: Great Britain They were the 1st to become fully industrialized and introduced industrialization to other states

How they achieved this:

Proximity to Waterways

Geographical distribution of coal & iron

Tons of coal were at their disposal

Abundant access to foreign resources (multiple imperial colonies)

Improved agricultural productivity

Rapid urbanization

Accumulation of Capital

crop rotation keeping part of the land unplanted, so that the fertility of the soil would be maintained

seed drill ensured that seeds could be planted more efficiently and accurately; this led to less waste & greater harvests, increasing AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY

Potato Po ta to (Heimler def): The potato was introduced to Europe from the Americas; this highly caloric food diversified peoples’ diets, especially among impoverished folks in rural areas, which in turn made them healthier and increased their life expectancy.

Entrepreneurial Law: Great Britain Entrepreneurs in Britain felt safe taking risks b/c they had a law for it, which caused them to rapidly industrialize and they were the first state to be industrialized.

water frame (AMSCO book): patented by Richard Arkwright

used waterpower to drive the spinning wheel

spinning jenny (AMSCO book): Invented by James Hargreaves

allowed a weaver to spin more than one thread at a time

“The Sick Man”

of Europe The Ottoman Empire

Nicholas 2: Finished the Industrial Revolution in Russia

Liberte, Egalite, et Fraternite = Liberty, Equality, Fraternity

John Locke Social Contract: only lasted as long as it served the people

Tanzimat Reforms in Egypt & the Ottoman Empire (Heimler): textiles & weapon factories were built

government-purchased crops sold to global markets

tariffs: protected development of Egyptian economy

tariffs taxes on imported goods

Matthew Perry (Heimler): US Commodore who came to Japan w/ a fleet of steam-powered ships loaded w/ guns; demanded that Japan open its borders and trade w/ America

Free-Market Economics (Google): state-driven; a type of economic system that is controlled by the market forces of supply and demand, as opposed to one regulated by government controls

Laissez-Faire (Google): a policy of minimum governmental interference in the economic affairs of individuals and society

Zollverein (Heimler def): The work of Friedrich List led to the development of this

was a customs union that reduced trade barriers between German states but put tariffs on imported goods

Transnational Corporation (Heimler def): a company that is established and controlled in one country but that also has large corporations in other states

Examples: The Hong Kong & Shanghai Banking Corporation, Unilever Corporation in Britain

Opium in China China wanted to clamp down on the rising threat of Britain but then they started trading opium to China, causing Chinese citizens to become addicted to the drug, leading to destruction and death in China, weaking the state and allowing Britain to take over easily

Opium Wars in China Britain defeated China b/c it was more industrialized and forced Qing China to sign unfair treaties that demanded that they open up their ports against their will

Limited-Liability Companies (Heimler def): a business that protected the financial investment of its owners; similar to a joint-stock company

owners could only lose the amount of money that they invested and no less

Political Reform (Unit 5, Heimler): Conservatives and Liberals in Britain & France incorporated social reforms into their platforms because people who wanted reforms were the ones voting

Social Reform (Unit 5, Heimler): Working-class people organized themselves into social societies, providing insurance for sickness and social events to give workers better lives

Educational Reform (Unit 5, Heimler): High-paying jobs became more technical and specialized, and compulsory education prepared kids for these kinds of jobs

Urban Reforms (Unit 5; Heimler): Governments passed laws & invested in sanitation infrastructure, such as sewers

Labor Unions (Heimler def): A collective of workers who join together in order to protect their own interests

COMMUNISM (MUST KNOW; Google): a political and economic system in which the major productive resources in a society—such as mines, factories, and farms—are owned by the public or the state, and wealth is divided among citizens equally or according to individual need.

Karl Marx (Heimler): argued that capitalism was unstable by nature

created sharp class-division

The Communist Manifesto (Heimler): book by Karl Marx & Friedrich Engels

history obeys laws like the physical world obeys the laws of physics

history’s major energy arises out of class struggle

Bourgeoise owned means of production; the rich rats

Proletariats exploited by the bourgeoise; the poor rats

Self-Strengthening Movement in China (Google): The Qing dynasty (1644–1911/12) of China introduced Western methods and technology in an attempt to renovate Chinese military, diplomatic, fiscal, and educational policy

Sino-Japanese War (Google): The war (1894–95) between China and Japan over the control of Korea that resulted in the nominal independence of Korea

Young Ottomans (Heimler): desired a European-style parliament and a constitutional government that would limit the power of absolutist sultans; the sultan passed these reforms

Industrial Problems (Unit 5): Pollution

Housing Shortages (caused the increased spread of diseases like Typhoid)

Increased Crime

Penninsulares those who were born on the Iberian Peninsula (they were born in Espana)

Criollos those of European ancestry born in the Americas

Creoles individuals who were born in the colonies, but who had Spanish parents or grandparents

Mestizos those of mixed European & indigenous ancestry

Mulattoes those of mixed European & African ancestry

Zambos those of mixed indigenous & African ancestry

Popular Sovereignty government based on consent of the people

Resistance of Indigenous Peoples (Heimler def): When imperial powers imposed their will and language on various colonized peoples, that had a way of inducing a sense of nationalism in the conquered peoples.

Indian Removal Act Forced removal of the Cherokee (Trail of Tears) & other indigenous tribes from the East Coast to the West Coast (Oklahoma) by Americans

Xhosa Cattle Killing Movement The Xhosa heard that if they killed their cattle the British would disappear; this did not happen and the British took over; the starvation caused by this act caused them to be weak.

Export Economies economies primarily focused on the export of raw materials or goods for distant markets

Subsistence Farming farmers grew a variety of foods that they and their families consumed to survive

Global Economic Changes (Heimler, Unit 6): Imperial powers fundamentally transformed colonial economies to serve their interests, namely, the extraction of natural resources or the production of industrial crops

*Imperial powers needed raw materials for industrial factories

Effects of Economic Development (Unit 6) A growing economic dependence of colonial people on their imperial parents

*The reorganization of colonial economies served only the interest of the colonizing states, NOT the indigenous peoples

Economic Imperialism the act of one state extending control over another state by economic means

*Industrialized military might wins EVERY TIME!

Taiping Rebellion (Heimler def): religious movement among ethnic Hans that sought to get rid of the foreign Manchu rulers of the Qing Dynasty

Spheres of Influence in China Chinese economy became subservient to European interests

Europeans divided China up into economic sectors since they were weakened because they hadn’t industrialized due to the Taiping Rebellion & other conflicts

Commodity any good that can be bought & sold on the market (cotton, palm oil)

Causes of Migration (Unit 6) New modes of cheap transportation (like the railroad and steamship) facilitated this wave of migrations, both for those who migrated within their own country and those that migrated internationally. However, some migrants took advantage of the cheap transportation and headed home.

Penal Colony colonies where convicts were sent to live

Indentured Servitude (Heimler def): describes an arrangement in which a laborer would sign a contract to work for a certain number of years, usually between 3 and 7, in exchange for free passage to their destination

Gender Imbalances (Unit 6): Women assuming masculine roles

Family structures in those places began to change

Ethnic Enclave (Heimler def): a geographic area with/ a high concentration of people of the same ethnicity and culture within a foreign culture

Nativism (Heimler def): a policy of protecting the interests of native-born people over the interests of immigrants

*Nativism is rooted in ethnic and racial prejudice or a fear of cultural difference

Chinese Exclusion Act banned almost all Chinese immigration to the United States

White Australia Policy the British cut off the flow of Asian immigrants to Australia

Russian Revolution resulted in a constitution, labor unions, and new political parties

Bolsheviks & Vladimir Lenin

Boxer Rebellion led by the Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists (Qing China)

Mexican Revolution (DEF KNOW; has been asked about on previous ap tests!) overthrow of Porfirio Diaz

Emiliano Zapata

Mexico emerged as a republic, compared to the dictatorship of Porfirio Diaz it was in before

1 cause of WW2 Generalized Economic Disaster Worldwide; this will play a big role in the instantiation of WW2

Militarism the belief that states ought to build up strong militaries and employ them aggressively to protect their interests

Alliances Triple-Alliance (Germany, Italy, Austria-Hungary)

Triple Entente (Britain, France, Russia)

Imperialism (MUST KNOW): Main cause: the desire to project power to other countries

Fiveable:

the policy of extending a country's power and influence by exploiting another country through diplomacy or military force for economic gain

Gavrilo Princip & Nationalism Nationalism caused the Serbian assassination (by

Gavrilo Princip

) & Nationalism ensured that the Austrians would view it as an immoral act that demanded retaliation

Total War a war that requires the mobilization of a country’s entire population, both military and civilian, to fight

Propaganda the propaganda campaigns used by states demonized their enemies and often exaggerated the atrocities those enemies were committing

New War Technologies: WW1 - New military technologies made ww1 one of the deadliest wars in human history

-

Trench Warfare

Why did colonial peoples fight in WW1? Colonial peoples fought ww1 because they believed such sacrifices would show their imperial parents that they deserved independence

Treaty of Versailles Treaty that was signed by Germany and the Allied Nations on June 28, 1919, formally ending World War One. The terms of the treaty required Germany to pay financial reparations, disarm, lose territory, and give up all of its overseas colonies.

One of the main causes of Germany starting WW2

Hyperinflation in Germany was due to what factors? Treaty of Versailles reparations & WW1 debts

Why did imperial colonies suffer after WW1? Colonial governments also suffered because they had begun to depend on the economies of their parent countries

USA: Post-WW1 New Deal (Franklin D. Roosevelt)

The Great Depression was felt globally

Was stable economically compared to European countries but eventually lost that financial security; However, WW2 would solve all of the US’s economic problems

Russia: Post-WW1 New Economic Policy- Vladimir Lenin

Five-Year Plans - Joseph Stalin

Kulaks rich people in Russia; Russian nobility

Collectivization of Agriculture: merging small, privately-owned farms into large, sprawling collective farms owned by the state

Dreyfus Affair Zionism (WILL BE UPDATED)

Vasco De Gama Portuguese explorer & merchant

Prince Henry the Navigator Portuguese prince & explorer

Trading-Post Empire An empire that relied on trade or got the majority of its wealth from trade

Examples: Samarkand & Kashgar, Mali

Portuguese in the Indian Ocean (Unit 4): Portuguese establishment of trade routes & exploration show how European empires expanded beyond their own borders

Traded textiles and luxury goods for spices in South Asia

The presence of the Portuguese in the Indian Ocean led to the blending of European, African, and Asian cultures & religions, also spreading Christianity

French Exploration (Unit 4): Establishment of Quebec

St. Lawrence River in New France

French Jesuit priests

Fur trade (mostly in French Canada)

English Exploration (Unit 4): Anglo-Spanish War

13 colonies in America

British East India Company to control wealth & trade in India

Cultural diffusion & spread of Christianity

Dutch Exploration (Unit 4): Dutch East India Company (VOC)

Dutch explorers & merchants established trade routes and commerce in Indonesia, leading to Dutch colonization of Indonesia.

Columbian Exchange impacts on the Western Hemisphere The introduction of new foods, such as wheat, yams, and bananas helped native populations in the Western hemisphere lead healthier lives; better nutrition meant population growth

The influx of enslaved Africans brought in by the Columbian Exchange to work on plantations changed the demographics of these states; Africans brought their own culture, food (okra), and religions, causing cultural diffusion

Columbian Exchange impacts on the Eastern Hemisphere The introduction of new foods, such as potatoes & tomatoes changed the diets, cultures, and cuisines of many European states (ex: Italy & pasta)

Sugar also became popular in Europe after it was discovered in the Western hemisphere

Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Forced removal and transport of millions of Africans to the Western hemisphere, where they were forced to work on (mainly) sugar plantations

Middle Passage The transatlantic journey of enslaved Africans during the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade

Asante Kingdom Location: Ghana

Centralized state

A major player in the West African trade networks

Royal-Chartered Monopoly Company a type of corporation that was granted exclusive rights & privileges by a monarch or government through a royal charter

Exs: British East India Company, Dutch East India Company, French East India Company

Spanish conquest of the Mexica Basically the conquest of the

Aztec Empire (which was created by the Mexica people)

Hernan Cortes and other rival tribes sacked Tenochtitlan

The spread of diseases (such as smallpox) also helped the Spanish easily conquer the Aztecs, because disease ravaged their population, making them weak

Spanish conquest of the Inca From this conquest, the Spanish adopted a “form” of the mit’a system (which was originally used by the Incans)

Potosi Silver Mines in Bolivia Silver - Bolivia

Controlled by the Spanish

enslaved Africans

Conquistadors Spanish explorers & soldiers who played a significant role in the exploration, conquest, and colonization of the Americas

Triangular Trade exchange of goods, enslaved Africans, and commodities (sugar, tobacco, rum)

This trade was all done in a “triangular shape”

Manchu intolerance towards Han Chinese Adopted some Han traditions but mostly threw them out the window and replaced them with/ Manchu techniques & traditions (this obviously. angered the Han)

Made them get weird haircuts

Syncretic beliefs in the New World Voodoo: Africa

Cult of Saints: Latin America

Treaty of Tordesillas agreement between Spain & Portugal which aimed to settle disputes between the 2 states over newly discovered lands in the New World

General Will Jean-Jacques Rousseau

The

collective will

or

common good

of society

Deism rejected orthodox religious doctrines & supernatural entities

focused more on rational & ethical thinking

Feminism Equality for both genders

legal rights

suffrage for women

Mary Wollstonecraft

Classical Liberalism Key principles:

individual liberty

limited government

rule of law

free-market economies

laissez-faire economics

American Declaration of Independence Declaration written by Thomas Jefferson

Stated that all men are created equal

Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness (John Locke)

Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen The French version of the American “Declaration of Independence”

Similarly stated that all men are created equal (didn’t exactly state that but something along the lines of it)

Reign of Terror (after French Revolution): A period of death & destruction after the French Revolution

Many people were executed for not obeying the new rules put in place

Napoleon Bonaparte French Military General & Emperor

Social & racial classes of Haiti At the top of the racial hierarchy in Haiti were French plantation owners & officials; they held most of the political power

Social & Racial Classes of Latin America Peninsulares, Creoles, Mulattoes, and Mestizos were all part of the social hierarchy

Spanish Casta System

Simon Bolivar one of the most important leaders of Spanish America's successful struggle for independence from Spain

Italian Unification Mussolini

unification was caused by the spread of ideas such as nationalism, liberalism, and democracy that inspired the Italian people to fight for their own unified country rather than being ruled by foreign monarchs

German Unification German unification was also a process undertaken largely by one man,

Prussian Prime Minister Otto von Bismarck

The first unification of Germany occurred in 1871 after Prussia's victory in the Franco-Prussian War. In this unification, most of the German-speaking states of Europe united under the crown of Prussia to form the German Empire.

The second unification occurred in 1990 after the end of the

Cold War

Industrial Revolution going from agricultural (agrarian) economies to highly industrial economies and urbanized areas

the process by which states transitioned from primarily agrarian economies to industrial economies

Agricultural Revolution the transformation of human (and world) existence caused by the deliberate cultivation of particular plants and the deliberate taming and breeding of particular animals

Tenement Housing A building in which several families rent rooms or apartments, often with little sanitation or safety

close quarters caused these tenements to be very nasty and disease spread

Specialization of Labor Because machines were becoming more prevalent in factories, specialization of labor decreased because you didn’t have to be specialized in a certain thing if a machine could now do the same job

Enclosure Act America, 13 colonies

A series of United Kingdom Acts of Parliament enclosed open fields and common land in the country, creating legal property rights to land that was previously considered common

Chinese Isolationism These policies reflected China's desire to maintain control over its economy and safeguard its cultural integrity. The restricted trading conditions were a manifestation of the Qing Dynasty's cautious approach to foreign influence, embodying a longstanding tradition of self-imposed seclusion.

Japanese Isolationism Japan practiced strict isolationism, especially from European powers. The Tokugawa shogunate, seeking to consolidate its power and maintain social order, implemented a policy of national seclusion

Adam Smith Advocated for Laissez-Faire & dissed Mercantilism

Wealth of Nations a book written by Adam Smith in 1776. In it, Smith describes the outline for how a nation becomes wealthy and how the division of labor falls within a wealthy vs. non-wealthy society

free-market capitalism

Capitalism an economic system based on open competition in a free market, in which individuals and companies own the means of production and operate for profit

Laissez-Faire advocated for minimal government intervention in the economy and for the free market to regulate itself

government intervention would cause inefficiency

Consumerism the idea of the protection of the buyer of goods from bad products

Promoted by companies like Unilever (a British company)

Transnational Corporations Corporations that had “economic areas” that spanned multiple countries

Karl Marx Wrote the Communist Manifesto

Father of Communism & Socialism

Believed in a classless society

Communism A classless society

Karl Marx & Freidrich Engels

Equality between men & women (and people in general)

Socialism Google:

a political and economic theory of social organization that advocates that the means of production, distribution, and exchange should be owned or regulated by the community as a whole

Associated w/ Karl Marx

Labor Unions Google: an organization of workers in a trade, industry, or company that is created to represent the workers in negotiations with management over issues of pay, benefits, and working conditions

.

The labor union representatives negotiate with employers in a process known as

collective bargaining

Reform Movements The Enlightenment

French Revolution

American Revolution

Haitian Revolution

Latin American Revolutions

Women’s Rights Movement & Other feminism-related reform movements

Labor movements & other labor-related reform movement

Class Struggle Industrialization & urbanization caused a class struggle; wealthy business owners replaced the nobility;

the bourgeoisie profited off of the proletariats

Marxist theory by Karl Marx

Child Labor Before laws were passed, many children often worked in factories alongside their parents

Child labor is still a major problem in the world today

8-Hour Workday Created by the factory system; still in use today in modern offices

New Imperialism New wave of Imperialism that was mostly economically-driven

Factors driving 19th Century Imperialism subsistence farming

cash cropping

Social Darwinism since the European way of life has proven to be the best way of living life, we are superior to the child races

Heimler def: if only the fittest survive and thrive in nature, then, applied to human society, that must mean that Western industrial societies have proven that their ways are best suited for the current global environment

European Colonization of Africa Belgian colonization (Leopold colonizing the Congo and extracting rubber)

France in Algeria (French-Algerian War)

Suez Canal Canal in Egypt; Britan & France fought over it

Settler Colony A colony in which imperial powers would send some of their people to live to place roots in that area

Taiping Rebellion Qing China

ended imperial rule in China

Because of the Taiping Rebellion and other conflicts, China got behind on industrializing, which affected them later when they got “economically colonized” by European powers (Britain & France)

Heimler: religious movement among ethnic Hans that sought to get rid of the foreign Manchu rulers of the Qing Dynasty

Ghost Dance Preached peaceful co-existence with Euro-Americans, but the Sioux interpretation of the religion foretold that the Ghost Dance would remove non-Indians from their lands

Tupac Amaru II Rebellion Anger over rising Spanish taxes and the many abuses of the Spanish colonial authorities spurred a Jesuit-educated, middle-class, indigenous merchant who called himself Túpac Amaru -- claiming to descend from the last ruler of the Incan Empire -- to organize an armed rebellion

Treaty of Nanking treaty that ended the first Opium War, the first of the unequal treaties between China and foreign imperialist powers

Banana Republic This term usually meant a Latin American country with a bad or dwindling economy that was ruled by a dictator-as the term "republic" was often associated with dictatorship and the term "banana" was usually associated with the main/common agricultural product that they relied on for the most part

Indian Diaspora Ethnic enclaves & diasporas in Fiji

Chinese Diaspora Chinese diasporas in South Asia & America

Chinese economy became subservient to European interests

Europeans divided China up into economic sectors since they were weakened because they hadn’t industrialized due to the Taiping Rebellion & other conflicts

South Africa (Unit 6): Apartheid

Nelson Mandela

Boer Wars Wars between the Dutch-settled farmers (Boers) and the British

France in Southeast Asia (Unit 6): French in Indonesia (“Indochina”)

Vietnamese resistance towards the French

England in Southeast Asia (Unit 6): British trade in Malaya

Imperial colonization of India

Cecil Rhodes British businessman and politician who played a significant role in the colonization of Africa during the late 19th century. He believed in British imperialism and had a vision to establish a British-controlled territory from Cape Town to Cairo

Civilizing Mission Ideology underlining European imperial colonialism that believed that European powers had a duty & responsibility to bring European ways, civilization, and Enlightenment ideals to their imperial colonies.

End of Slavery (Unit 6): Abolitionist movements

Laws passed in England abolishing slavery, though it would still be very prevalent in America

End of Serfdom (Unit 6): Ending serfdom in multiple states (esp. RUSSIA) showed the recognition of human rights & freedoms, which serfs were denied

Political Imperialism: when one country extends political dominance

over another