ap psychology unit 8 review

Therapies

● Active listening - empathetic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies. a feature of rogers’ client centered therapy

● Aversive conditioning - type of counter-conditioning that associates an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol)

● Behavioral - therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors

● Cognitive Behavioral Therapy - a popular integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior)

● electroconvulsive therapy - a treatment that involves sending an electric current through your brain; causes a brief surge of electrical activity within your brain to relieve severe symptoms of some mental health problems, typically used for major depressive disorder, mania, catatonia, and schizophrenia

● exposure therapy - anxiety treatment that progressively exposes people to simulations of their greatest fears, such as airplane flying, spiders, or public speaking

● Humanistic therapy - client centered therapy in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine, accepting, empathic environment to facilitate client's’ growth

● Lobotomy - incision into various nerve tracts in the frontal lobe of the brain

○ Lithium - used to control bipolar symptoms; mood stabilizer

○ Xanax - alprazolam; benzodiazepine; treats anxiety and panic disorders, increases GABA in the body; reduce neural activity by inhibiting nerve transmission

○ Thorazine - treats schizophrenia and bipolar disorder; antipsychotic; mood regulator

○ SSRIs- Zoloft, Paxil, Prozac - treat depression by increasing serotonin in the brain; SSRIs block the reabsorption of serotonin into neurons

● delusions - false beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders

● hallucinations - false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus

● Medical model - a mental illness (also called a psychopathology) needs to be diagnosed on the basis of its symptoms and treated through therapy (which may include time in a psychiatric hospital)

● resistance - in psychoanalysis, the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden matieral

● somatic symptom disorder - when a person has a significant focus on physical symptoms, such as pain, weakness or shortness of breath, to a level that results in major distress and or problems functioning; usually leads to person complaining about “sickness” constantly

Disorders

● ADHD - a psychological disorder marked by the appearance by age 7 of one or more three key symptoms: extreme inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity

● anorexia - ed in which a person (usually an adolescent female) diets and becomes significantly (15%+) underweight, yet, still feeling fat, continues to starve

● bulimia - Ed In which a person alternates binge eating (usually of high-calorie foods) with purging (by vomiting or laxative use) or fasting

● Antisocial personality - an Ed in which the person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members. may be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist

● Bipolar Disorder - a mood disorder in which the person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania

● Conversion - a disorder in which a person experiences very specific genuine physical symptoms for which no physiological basis can be found

● Depression - a mood disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or a medical condition, two or more weeks of significantly depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most activites

● dissociative disorder - disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings

● Generalized anxiety - an anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal

● OCD - a disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and or actions (compulsions)

● narcissism - excessive self-love or ego centrism,

● Panic attack - a minute long episode of intense fear that something horrible is about to happen

● Personality disorder - psychological Disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning

● Phobias - anxiety disorders in which an irrational fear causes the person to avoid some object, activity, or situation; marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object, activity, or situation

● psychosis - collection of symptoms that affect the mind, where there has been some loss of contact with reality; a person loses contact with reality, experiencing irrational ideas and distorted perceptions

● PTSD - characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, numbness of feeling, and or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience

● Schizophrenia - a psychological disorder characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganize speech, and/or diminished inappropriate emotional expression

○ Positive symptoms - may be hallucinations, talk in disorganized and deluded ways, and exhibit inappropriate laughter, tears, or rage; presence of inappropriate behavior

○ Negative symptoms - toneless voices, expressionless faces, or mute and rigid bodies; absence of appropriate behavior

● Social anxiety - intense fear of social situations, leading to avoidance of such (formerly known as social phobia)