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Chapter 11: Literary Argument
NoteStudied by 40 people11: Sex, Gender, and Sexuality
NoteStudied by 25 peopleAPUSH Unit 1: Early Contact With the New World (1491-1607)-pt.1
NoteStudied by 47 peopleCh 19 - International Trade and Finance
NoteStudied by 10 peopleAP Biology Unit 0: Scientific Inquiry
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NoteStudied by 11 peopleUnit 5&6 American Realism & Naturalism Terms
- ^^American realism^^:: faithful representation of reality in fiction
- ^^verisimilitude^^:: literary technique practiced in many schools of writing which can be defined as a “slice of life” quality in fiction
- ^^subjects of American Realism^^:: representation of middle class in mundane detail; a reaction against romanticism; criticized ordinary reality
- ^^characteristics of American Realism^^:: reality in close & comprehensive detail; emphasizes verisimilitude; character more important than action & plot; focuses on ethical choices; complex characters; the importance of social class; believable events & realistic stories; diction is natural vernacular w/ various tones; objectivity is important; interior psychological realism; moral dilemmas & freedom of choice
- ^^the Realism War^^:: debates over the suitability of realism as a mode of representation led to this critical exchange
- ^^Regional Realists vs. “The Genteel Tradition”^^:: the literary hub of the U.S. had always been the east coast, but now it was shifting to include other regions in of the U.S. (west, southwest, midwest)
- ^^Mark Twain^^:: paved the way for modern American literature & authors; realist; author of The Adventures of Tom Sawyer & The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn; used realism to write about the issue of race during the Reconstruction (post-Civil War); born Samuel Clemens
- ^^regional realism^^:: exposing regional life using their vernacular, dialects, & tone by American realist authors; authors of this include Mark Twain (midwest), Charles Chestnut (deep south), & Kate Chopin (cajun south)
- ^^Charles Chesnutt^^:: mixed-race American realist author from the deep south; wrote about slaves who lived on plantations in the deep south in their dialect; author of Goophered Grapevine w/ famous African-American character Uncle Julius; known for writing African-Americans as psychologically complex characters (deconstructing stereotypes)
- ^^Kate Chopin^^:: female American realist author who wrote using the Cajun dialect & wrote about the issue of race & struggles of women; author of The Awakening and “The Story of an Hour”; a voice for American women
- ^^Determinism^^:: all moral choices are completely determined by previously existing causes; precludes free will bc it says humans cannot act otherwise
- ^^Naturalism^^:: founded by Emile Zola (French author); examining humans through relationships to their surroundings (socially critical), which should be impartial without moralizing; people are simply products of their environments & heredity; “pessimistic, materialistic, determinism”; “reveling in the extraordinary, the excessive, & the grotesque in order to reveal the immutable bestiality of Man in Nature”
- ^^Naturalism characteristic^^s:: characters are ill-educated or lower class; character’s attempts at exercising free will or choice are hampered by forces beyond their control; emphasis on ordinary, commonplace, & unheroic; tension between characters conditioned & controlled by the environment, heredity, indistinct, change & desire to present the truth to find meaning in the human experience; uses verisimilitude; often “chronicle of despair”
- ^^Naturalism themes & conflicts^^:: survival, determinism, violence, & taboo; the “beast/brute” within each individual who fights for survival in a moral, indifferent universe; conflict is often man vs. nature & man vs. himself; nature is an indifferent force; forces of heredity & the environment govern & shape human beings; the universe is indifferent & deterministic; human attempts to exercise free will are often futile; free will is an illusion
- ^^Social Darwinism^^:: scientific theories applied to human beings who were at the mercy of 19th-century economics; theory that people are also subjected to Darwin’s theory of evolution
- ^^Laissez-faire Capitalism^^:: factory owners could do whatever they wanted without limits bc there were no labor laws
- ^^Materialism^^:: martial goods are more important than intellectual or spiritual things
- ^^Emile Zola^^:: French author who is credited as the founder of naturalism
- ^^William Dean Howells^^:: American realist author and editor of The Atlantic Monthly; popularized the works of Mark Twain & Henry James & many other realist authors; a leading voice in American literature at the turn of the 20th century & in the realism wars; author of “Editha”; wrote about social issues including race, labor, & women
- ^^“Editha”^^:: the story of a woman pushing her fiancee to fight in the Spanish-American War where he ends up dying & his mother is cold towards her; American realist story written by Bret Harte
- ^^Social criticism^^:: depiction of acts of racism, prejudice, and/or social injustice in literature; also focused on the struggles of lower middle/lower class
- ^^Civil War^^:: four-year war (1861-1865) between the United States and 11 Southern states that seceded from the Union and formed the Confederate States of America; fought over debates about slavery
- ^^Genteel Tradition^^:: traditional romantic literature mostly found on the east coast of the US
- ^^Huck Finn excerpt^^:: a young boy grapples with the morals of society vs his morals when deciding to not turn in his friend who is an escaped slave; American realist story written by Mark Twain
- ^^“Two Ways of Seeing a River”^^:: story changing in attitude of a person before & after he becomes a riverboat pilot; American realist story written by Mark Twain
- ^^“The Story of an Hour”^^:: a woman w/ heart troubles finds out her husband has died in a work accident & she feels overjoyed to be free of an oppressive 19th-century marriage, but when she finds out her husband is alive, she promptly dies of grief for her lost freedom; American realist story written by Kate Chopin
- ^^Bret Harte^^:: American realist author who traveled west & was exiled after writing a newspaper article condemning the massacre of a peaceful Native tribe; served as editor of a newspaper & hired young Mark Twain to write articles for The Atlantic Monthly; author of “The Outcasts of Poker Flat” and “The Luck of Roaring Camp”
- ^^“The Outcasts of Poker Flat”^^:: a secret committee decides to exile a group of people who stop to camp, meet up with others, & they all die in a blizzard after running out of supplies; American realist story written by Bret Harte
- ^^“scientific” study of humanity^^:: the study of humanity should be absent of partiality & morals; part of naturalism
- ^^People as “products” of environment^^:: naturalist idea that people are shaped by the people and societal conditions surrounding them & their heredity; also an idea of Emile Zola heredity
- ^^Human beast/brute within^^:: naturalist theme used to describe how we can examine humans through their relationship to their surroundings; study of human beings scientifically, impartially, & without moralizing; an individual who fights for survival in an indifferent universe; doing what it takes to survive
- ^^Darwin^^:: his scientific theory was applied to economies as social Darwinism; survival became a theme of naturalist literature; led to laissez-faire capitalism
- ^^Survival of the fittest^^:: the process by which individuals that are better suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully; also called natural selection (attributed to Darwin)
- ^^Ambrose Bierce^^:: American naturalist author who was the only one to serve in the Civil War including at Shiloh, Chickamauga, & Sherman’s March to the Sea; columnist in San Francisco, nicknamed “Bitter"; wrote The Devil’s Dictionary & “An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge”
- ^^“An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge”^^:: Peyton Farquhar (Confederate) is being hung by Union soldiers for attempting to burn down a bridge but the rope breaks and he escapes by swimming down the river and escapes home to his wife, but when he reaches her he feels a sharp blow on the back of his neck and sees a blinding white light; it is then written that he is dead & his broken body is swinging from the side of the bridge; short story written by Ambrose Bierce
- ^^Stephen Crane^^:: American naturalist author of Maggie: A Girl of the Streets, The Red Badge of Courage, “The Blue Hotel”; realistically portrayed lower class life; flaunted societal conventions & lived with a woman while remaining unmarried; died of tuberculosis at age 28
- ^^“The Blue Hotel”^^:: American naturalist short story by Stephen Crane; tells the story of the Swede, the Cowboy, & the Easterner all staying at a hotel w/ the owner & his son; a blizzard makes them stuck at the hotel & they play cards, the Swede is paranoid & accuses the son of cheating; they fight & the Swede beats the son up then leaves the hotel for the town saloon; in the saloon, the Swede pleads for people to drink with him & brags about beating up the son & is stabbed & killed; months later the Easterner talks with the cowboy about the guilt he feels over the Swede’s death
- ^^Women and Economics^^:: non-fiction novel by Charlotte Perkins Gilman arguing for female independence both financially & intellectually and for the evolution of marriage, family, & home life
- ^^Mitchell Weir^^:: came up with the “rest cure” for nervous women who were put on bed rest & given no physical or mental stimulation
- ^^The “rest cure”^^:: a medical “treatment” by Mitchell Weir who put depressed women on bed rest & gave them no physical or mental stimulation to “cure” their insanity, but it just made them go insane; seen in “The Yellow Wallpaper” by Charlotte Perkins Gilman
- ^^Herland^^:: American naturalism novel by Charlotte Perkins Gilman depicting a society without men & females who reproduce asexually that is then discovered by men
- ^^“The Yellow Wallpaper”^^:: an American naturalist short story written by Charlotte Perkins Gilman; the narrator is a women locked in an attic with yellow wallpaper as part of “the rest cure” for her nervous (postpartum) depression; she goes insane & sees a woman creeping around her room & she beings to peel off the
- ^^Charlotte Perkins Gilman^^:: American naturalist author of Women in Economics & “The Yellow Wallpaper”; argued for financial & intellectual independence for women; given “the rest cure” for her postpartum depression; diagnosed of inoperable breast cancer & committed suicide
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Explore Top NotesNoteStudied by 40 peopleNoteStudied by 25 peopleNoteStudied by 47 peopleNoteStudied by 10 peopleNoteStudied by 222 peopleNoteStudied by 11 people
Chapter 11: Literary Argument
NoteStudied by 40 people11: Sex, Gender, and Sexuality
NoteStudied by 25 peopleAPUSH Unit 1: Early Contact With the New World (1491-1607)-pt.1
NoteStudied by 47 peopleCh 19 - International Trade and Finance
NoteStudied by 10 peopleAP Biology Unit 0: Scientific Inquiry
NoteStudied by 222 peopleDigital Communication in Health Care
NoteStudied by 11 people