China
Developed psychological testing early, granting privileges to passers

Ancient Egyptians & Greco-Roman
Related mental health to bodily fluids, lacked formal assessments

Darwin
Introduced natural selection and emphasized individual differences

Galton
Utilized statistics in psychological experiments, measured physical attributes

Wilhelm Wundt
Focused on similarity and the need to standardize conditions

James Mc Keen Cattell
Introduced mental tests, emphasized individual differences in reaction time

Alfred Binet & Theodore Simon
Developed the first intelligence test for identifying mentally retarded children

David Wechsler
Created a test to measure intelligence, later evolved into WAIS

Robert S. Woodworth
Introduced personality measurement, focused on general adjustment and emotions

Rorschach Inkblot Test
A projective test where individuals project unique needs, hopes, and fears

Academic Tradition
University researchers use assessment tools to advance knowledge

Applied Tradition
Selecting applicants based on merit is the goal

Culture
Socially transmitted behavior patterns and beliefs influencing assessment

Henry Goddard
Linked the majority of immigrants to low mental capacity

Affirmative Action
Efforts to combat discrimination and promote equal opportunity

Legal & Ethical Considerations
Involves laws, ethics, and codes defining standards of care

Reverse Discrimination
Favoring minority groups in hiring or promotions

Disparate Treatment
Intentional discrimination in hiring or promotion practices

Disparate Impact
Consequence of hiring/promoting practice that unintentionally yielded to discrimination

Litigation
Interpreting laws through court decisions, involving lawsuits

Rights of Test Takers
Include informed consent, knowledge of findings, privacy, and confidentiality

Informed Consent
Test takers must have full knowledge and consent to take the test

Privacy & Confidentiality
Respecting individuals' freedom to disclose information and keeping privileged data private