APES REVIEW

Pallardy APES Unit 1 Study Guide

Why does resource partitioning occur? Give an example.

It occurs due to the want of the same resource between species. They do this to avoid competition. Natural selection, competition, etc. These species evolve to divide a resource based on differences in their behavior. Resource partitioning can happen because of getting access to better food, adaptations, and The exploitation of different resources. Competition for a limited resource.

Give examples of the following relationships: parasitism, predator/prey, mutualism, commensalism.

Parasitism: This is an interaction where one organism lives in or on another organism referred to as its host. (ticks feeding on a mammal's blood.)

Predator/prey: Predation represents an interaction where one animal kills and consumes another animal. (a lion (predator) hunting a zebra (prey).

Mutualism: Interaction between two species that increases the chances of survival for both of these species (bees collecting nectar from flowers while helping with pollination)

Commensalism: Interaction in which one species benefits and the other species is neither harmed nor benefited. (barnacles attaching to the shell of a turtle)

Define an ecosystem and a biome.

An ecosystem is a complex network of living organisms (plants, animals, microbes) interacting with each other and their physical environment (air, water, soil) in a specific area. A biome is characterized as the plants and animals that are found in a particular region of the world

Draw and label the water cycle. Where is energy absorbed and released?

Draw & describe the path through the nitrogen, carbon, oxygen, sulfur and phosphorus chemical cycles.

Name the NINE terrestrial biomes. What are the climate and plants characteristic of each?

A terrestrial biome is a geographic region of land categorized by a particular combination of average temperature precipitation and plant growth for the year. These include:

Tundra: Cold temps, low growing season, low precipitation, mostly snow

Taiga (Boreal Forest): Cold, short summers, long winters, ranging temps

Temperate Forest: ranging temps, moderate precipitation, 4 distinct seasons

Temperate Grassland: Moderate rainfall, cold winter and warm summers, frequent droughts

Desert: Hot or cold, fluctuate temps, low precipitation

Savanna: High rainfall, very humid all year, wet and dry seasons are distinct

Tropical Rainforest: Warm year round, lots of rainfall, temp mostly states the same

Chaparral: Dry summers, wet winters, dry summers, moderate rainfall, wildfires common

Mediterranean Forest: Moderate rain, wet winters, dry summers, diverse plant species

What determines the type of biome that will form in a region?

Name the THREE freshwater aquatic biomes and FIVE saltwater (marine) biomes and the characteristic plants or conditions of each.

Open Ocean: Deep, far away from shoreline, ocean floor isn’t visible through water due to very little sunlight

Upper Portion still receives sunlight, known as the photic zone, lower portion is known as the aphotic zone

Deepest Part: Some species perform photosynthesis in the aphotic zone

Draw a food web showing the different types of producers, consumers and decomposers in a forest biome.

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Explain how energy flows through an ecosystem. (food web, energy pyramid) \

A food web represents a model showing how energy and matter move through two or more interconnected food chains.

Name and describe the laws that govern the flow of energy and conversion of energy. (thermodynamics, conservation of energy, conservation of matter) and discuss their impacts on the environment.

Calculate the GPP for an ecosystem that has an NPP of 4,000 kcal/m2/year and a respiration rate of 12,000 kcal/m2/year.

Net PP = Gross PP - Respiration

4000 = GPP - 12000

GPP = 16000

Discuss factors that affect ecosystem productivity. Identify which ecosystems are most and least productive.

Solar Energy, total amount of available energy, amount of sunlight, number of producers, consumers, number of herbivores and carnivores, amount of circulating CO2, etc.

Explain the 10% rule. How is most energy lost?

Of the total biomass available at a given trophic level, only about 10% can be converted into energy at the next higher trophic level. if the producer represents 10,000, the primary consumer will represent 1,000, the secondary consumer will represent 100.

Lake Zones:

Lakes and ponds tend to have standing water, and may be too deep to support vegetation except near the shorelines, or the littoral zone.

In deeper lakes there is an area where sunlight penetrates to the deepest it can, known as the limnetic zone.

Floating algae, known as phytoplankton, can live in the limnetic zone.

Where sunlight can’t reach is the profundal zone.

Once you reach the bottom of the lake, pond or ocean, that is the benthic zone.

Flashcards

1. Centralization of PowerThe process where states consolidate authority to govern large territories effectively.

2. BureaucracyA system of government where decisions are made by state officials rather than elected representatives.

3. MeritocracyA system where individuals are rewarded and advanced based on their abilities and talent.

4. FeudalismA political system in medieval Europe where lords owned land and vassals worked it in exchange for protection.

5. ShariaIslamic law derived from the Quran and Hadith, governing both personal and political aspects of life.

6. ManorialismAn economic system in medieval Europe where peasants worked on a lord's land in exchange for protection and a place to live.

7. Nomadic PeoplesGroups of people who move from place to place rather than settling permanently, often influencing trade and political boundaries.