What are some of the causes and consequences of the Atlantic Slave Trade?

• The demand for labor in the New World, because the Indigenous died quickly after coming into contact with European explorers. They died out from diseases or ran away

• The demand for labor was high in the New World because products such as tobacco and sugar could be cultivated and exported to Europe and North America

• Firearms brought in by Europeans increased war and instability

• colonization brought some progress in terms of firearms but at a significant cost. Being exposed to new goods available, some of the African tribes the Europeans were in contact with were willing to capture their neighbors in exchange for goods

• African tribes lost workers, had economic problems, there was a decrease in population, and broke up families

What was the contribution of William Wilberforce at the end of the slave trade?

• William Wilberforce was a British politician who was the leader of the movement to abolish the slave trade

• His most significant contribution was his long fight to end Britain’s involvement in the trans-Atlantic slave trade

• the slave trade was suppressed when the Slave Trade Bill was abolished in 1807

What are some of the causes and consequences of colonization?

• 3 G’s: Gold, Glory, and God

• The opportunity to make money was one of the main motivators for the colonization of the New World

• God, because it was the missionary’s moral duty to spread Christianity, Gold because colonizers would exploit the resources of other countries to strengthen their economies, and Glory because European nations would often compete with one another

• The Europeans brought many diseases with them that decimated Native American populations

• It was extremely cruel toward the Indigenous people bringing death, brutality, and slavery

What was the impact of exploration and colonization on colonizers and Indigenous people?

• The Europeans saw it as discovering new land; the Indigenous saw it as an invasion of their homeland

• Europeans brought their social system with them → land ownership, laws, etc

• Enforced laws violated their culture, caused loss of land, diseases, and more

• The Indigenous were forced to move to different areas and had to give up their culture

• Some dehumanized Indigenous peoples to excuse slavery and horrible treatment

Describe various Enlightenment developments in science and their impact:

• During the Enlightenment, several scientific breakthroughs paved the way for several leading technologies today

• The first vaccine was created by Edward Jenner in 1796. His vaccine saved many lives from smallpox and completely eradicated smallpox

• Antoine van Leeuwenhoek invented the first microscope. His invention allowed scientists to make new insights into the body and disease. It also led to further technological developments in the microscope, making it powerful

• Newton’s Laws of Motion prove that all objects, whether it’s as small as an apple or as big as a planet, are subject to gravity. It also helped scientists understand more about the motions of the planets in the solar system

• The Celsius scale was deemed more precise than the Fahrenheit scale. It measured the freezing and boiling points of water

What was the role of religion/spirituality in Enlightenment Europe?

• The Enlightenment was an intellectual movement that occurred between the 17th and 18th centuries in Europe

• Ideas concerning reason, humanity, and God were the core of the movement

• In Italy, Enlightenment thinking led to a reduction of the church’s power, creating advances in thought, inventions, and scientific discoveries

What were some of the causes of the Industrial Revolution?

• There are several causes of the Industrial Revolution, which began around 1750 in England

• The emergence of capitalism was necessary for the rise of industrialization. It was revolutionary because, at the time, mercantilism was the main economic system. Adam Smith began to argue against mercantilism in favor of more freedom for individuals.

• New inventions: The revolution was mainly started by the new developments in the textile industry. After the spinning jenny was invented, production was much faster and easier

• Agriculture Revolution: The Industrial Revolution started in Britain in the 18th century because of the increase in food production, which was the key outcome of the Agriculture Revolution.

• This created a large workforce in industrial cities

What were the key trends in global immigration?

• Push and pull factors

• Some push factors included problems or lack of opportunity. Wars and hunger were primary push factors. One major pull factor was colonialism and opportunity. The demand for labor in the British empire was immense. In the 19th century, some regions provided lots of opportunities, so Europeans moved to America, to find jobs and own land.

• The main reason during the revolution was to find work

• Many people moved overseas from Britain to other British Empire countries or the USA

• Some migrated within Europe (e.g. Irish Famine, the 1840s)

Describe the developments in science and technology and their impact:

• Textile Machines

• Wrought and cast iron

• processes invented for refining steel

• Steam engine

• Textile machines allowed clothes to be produced faster and at a higher rate

• Steel was used for building the Eiffel tower

• These inventions had an impact that lasted until today

Communism: A theory derived from Karl Marx advocating class war and leading to a society in which all property is publicly owned, everyone shares the benefits of labor, and the state controls all wealth and property

What were the main causes and consequences of WWI?

• MAAAIN: Militarism, Arms Race, Alliances, Assassination of Ferdinand, Imperialism, Nationalism

• The assassination of archduke Ferdinand was the main event that sparked the war. Ferdinand was the heir to the Austro-Hungarian Empire. On June 28, 1914, he and his wife were shot to death by a Serbian nationalist. A-H declared war on Serbia and France/Belgium mobilized. Britain declared war on Germany because France had made a side deal with Britain

• WWI ended when the Treaty of Versailles was signed, however, it also paved the way for WWII 20 years later

• the Treaty of Versailles placed all the blame on Germany. it gave outlying regions of Germany to other countries, the treaty required payment for all damages of the war, and completely stripped its colonies away

• Because of this, Hitler was able to take control of Germany taking advantage of Article 48 which states a leader can lead in an ‘emergency’ and he took advantage of the anger of the German people

• Around 10 million were killed

• It resulted in the fall of the Russian empire in the October Revolution (1917), which resulted in the formation of the USSR in 1922

Explain the diplomacy of the treaty of Versailles:

• The Treaty of Versailles outlined the conditions of peace between Germany and the Allies

• It held Germany responsible for starting the war and imposed harsh penalties on Germany

• The League of Nations was established at the end of WWI

What were the main causes and consequences of WWII?

• There were multiple causes of WWII including the Treaty of Versailles, the failure of the League of Nations, the failure of appeasement, and economic depression

• The Treaty of Versailles may have stopped WWI but it paved the way for WWI 20 years later. By placing the entire burden of war on Germany and imposing harsh payments, it failed to resolve an issue. Germany’s armies were drastically reduced and its colonies stripped

• The League of Nations failed to stop aggressors in the 1930s and was politically weak. Japan invaded Asian nations while the League of Nations does nothing. Italy invades Ethiopia while the League of Nations still does nothing.

• Because of that, Britain signed appeasement with Hitler, which gave him what he wanted and allowed Hitler to continue with his plans.

• economic instability led to political instability in most parts of the world. Political chaos led to dictatorial regimes such as Hitlers in Germany

What were the main causes of the Cold War?

What were the significant developments in warfare?

What were the roles of women in WWII?

How did the actions of Hitler and Stalin contribute to conflict?

What were the main causes and consequences of regional conflict in the Middle East? * The creation of Israel, the Iranian Revolt, the Gulf War, and ISIS were the main causes of conflict in the Middle East * Great Britain controlled Palestine after WWI, but after WWII they withdrew and the UN-mandated creation of a Jewish state in 1948. This led to an ongoing tension between Arabs and Israelis. Other Arab countries like Egypt, Transjordan, Syria, Iraq, and Lebanon were involved because they had occupied some parts of Palestine. * The Iranian Revolution was caused by several things like the low standard of living and the politically oppressive government, of Shah Pahlavi. Ayatollah incited the people against the shah and convinced them to return to a Muslim state. * Iraqi Leader, Suddam Hussein invaded Kuwait and refused to leave when ordered by the UN. That started the US operation desert storm. There was a ceasefire after 42 days of fighting. This became known as the Gulf War * ISIS was a splinter from the Al-Qaeda group which coordinated the attack on 9/11. ISIS wanted to create an Islamic state in Syria and Iraq and was known for public executions, suicide bombings, and the destruction of historic sites. The organization was operational in 18 countries * These conflicts had lasting negative effects. The Iranian Revolution resulted in the loss of women's rights, the 1969 hostage crisis, etc. The creation of an Israeli state resulted in 5 Arab countries attacking Israel, and in the end, Israel gained even more territory. It destroyed Palestine and many lives were lost.

How did the Arab-Israeli conflict relate to decolonization?

What is the Communist Manifesto?