motor system

Upcoming Schedule

• Tomorrow: Finish content with a two-part lab.

• Wednesday & Thursday: Review days due to the extensive unit content.

• Friday: Unit test.

• *Note: Some students may have to take the test on Monday.

Importance of Kidneys

• Kidneys play a crucial role in homeostasis by expelling waste.

• Issues with kidney function can lead to significant health problems.

Urinalysis Lab

• Urinalysis: A lab to analyze urine samples to detect concentrations of certain substances.

• Provides insights into conditions like diabetes based on glucose levels in urine.

Diseases Related to Kidney Function

• Diabetes: Two types discussed:

  • Diabetes Mellitus: Involves issues with pancreas and glucose filtration.

  • Diabetes Insipidus: Involves problems with antidiuretic hormone affecting water absorption.

• Nephritis: Inflammation of nephrons caused by various factors, leading to kidney abnormalities (bumpy appearance).

• Kidney Stones: Results from mineral buildup that can cause extreme pain when passing through the nephron tubes.

  • Causes: Calcification and excess mineral concentration in the blood.

Dialysis Machine

• Function: Filters blood through an artificial filter and saltwater bath to maintain proper concentration.

Motor System Overview

• **Muscle Types:

  • Cardiac Muscle:** Found in the heart, involuntary control.

  • Smooth Muscle: Found in hollow organs (digestive tract), involuntary control.

  • Skeletal Muscle: Voluntary muscles attached to bones, controlled consciously.

• Main Function: Support body functions including digestive, circulatory, and respiratory.

Muscle Contraction Mechanism

• Actin and Myosin: Essential proteins for muscle contraction.

  • Actin: Thin filaments involved in muscle contraction.

  • Myosin: Thick filaments with projections that bind to actin to produce movement.

• Sarcomeres: Functional units of muscle fibers; defined by Z-lines, which get closer together during contraction making muscles shorter.

• Calcium's Role: Calcium ions are released to trigger the movement of myosin, pulling actin filaments and contracting the muscle.

Types of Muscle Fibers

• Types of Muscle Fibers:

  • Type I (Slow Twitch): More for endurance, less efficient ATP breakdown.

  • Type II (Fast Twitch): Suited for fast, explosive movements requiring rapid ATP consumption.

• Training Effects: While genetic factors influence muscle fiber composition, training can enhance the proportion of fast or slow twitch fibers.

Key Points about Muscle Function

• Antagonistic muscles:

  • Example: Biceps and triceps work oppositely during arm movements.

• Importance of energy (ATP) in muscle operations.

Review Preparation

• Content Review Strategies: Utilize available systems reviews for test preparation.

• New Reviews: Additional resources will be created for effective revision ahead of the test.