Bone Tissue pt3 AND Joints pt1

Osteomyelitis and Related Conditions

• Osteomyelitis: Combination of "osteo" (bone) and "myo" (muscle), often involving bone and muscle connection.

Bone Tumors

• Osteoma: A benign bone tumor, typically does not require worry unless symptomatic.

  • Often found in younger children and usually located within the shaft of long bones rather than around growth plates or epiphyses.

  • Treatment typically involves surgical excision with possible placement of an external fixator or rod to promote bone healing.

• Osteochondroma: Another benign bone tumor, with similar treatment considerations.

• Osteosarcoma: A malignant tumor often seen in mature skeletal muscle, more aggressive and concerning than benign tumors.

  • Symptoms may include lethargy in children and anomalies in bone growth patterns (e.g., limb lengths).

Symptoms and Health Indicators

• Lethargy may point to underlying bone issues, often accompanied by abnormal growth rates (e.g., left arm growing faster than the right).

• Notable hormonal spikes (testosterone in males, estrogen in females) correlate with increased risks of developing certain bone conditions from ages 10-15 for males and around 13-15 for females.

Calcium Homeostasis

• Osteoclasts and Osteoblasts: Critical cell types in bone remodeling.

  • Osteoclasts: Break down bone tissue, stimulated when blood calcium levels are low.

  • Osteoblasts: Build new bone, inhibited in conditions of high blood calcium.

• Calcitriol: Hormone formed from vitamin D, crucial for calcium absorption.

• Low blood calcium (Hypocalcemia) leads to increased excitability of the nervous system and symptoms such as muscle spasms.

• High blood calcium (Hypercalcemia) results in decreased muscle activity and nervous system function.

Fracture Types

• Comminuted Fracture: Bone broken into three or more pieces.

• Greenstick Fracture: Bone cracked on one side, bending on the other.

• Pop Fracture: Typically associated with short bones in the wrist or ankle.

• Linear Fracture: A clear, linear break in the bone.

• Fractures can have specific healing procedures, including surgical interventions based on type and location.

Osteoporosis

• Commonly seen in elderly women due to lack of estrogen, especially prevalent during and after menopause.

• Results from an imbalance in bone remodeling activity—excessive osteoclast activity versus inadequate osteoblast formation.

Joint Anatomy and Function

• Articulations: Joints where two or more bones meet. Differentiated between ligaments (bone to bone) and tendons (bone to muscle).

Types of Joints

1. Synarthritic: No movement (e.g., sutures of the skull).

2. Amphiarthritic: Slightly movable (e.g., intervertebral joints).

3. Diarthritic: Freely movable joints (e.g., shoulder, elbow, hip).

Joint Classifications

• Monoaxial (Hinge Joints): Movement in one plane (e.g., elbow, knee).

• Biaxial (Condylar Joints): Movement in two planes (e.g., metacarpophalangeal joints).

• Multiaxial (Ball and Socket Joints): Movement in multiple planes (e.g., shoulder, hip).

• Pivot Joints: Rotation around a single axis (e.g., radius and ulna).

Cartilage and Synovial Fluid

• Articular Cartilage: Covers bone ends, providing a smooth surface for joint movement.

• Synovial Fluid: Lubricates joints and provides nourishment to cartilage.

• Bursae: Fluid-filled sacs that reduce friction between tissues.

• Exercise and movement help warm up synovial fluid, enhancing lubrication of joints and protecting cartilage during physical activity.

Rehabilitation and Care

• Aquatic therapy is highly beneficial for rehabilitation due to low impact on joints while promoting movement.

• Understanding the importance of origin and insertion of muscles allows comprehension of joint movements.

• Proper warm-up and muscle preparation is essential to prevent injury and ensure smooth movement.