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Chapter 2: Culture and Gender
What is culture?
Background, traditions, religion, values, celebrations.
Culture (def): a system of learned and shared symbols, language, values, and norms that distinguish one group of people from another. It is learned through enculturation.
Not necessarily related to or based on our ethnicity (a mind's perception of his or herself), or nationality (an individual's status as a citizen of another country).
Society: a group of people who share a culture
In-groups (people like you, tend to gravitate towards them, more commonalities) v. Out-groups (perceived as different from you):
Ethnocentrism: when you believe that your cultural practices are superior to other cultures, foreground of racism and prejudice.
Enculturation: a process of acquiring culture, a method of learning.
Components of Culture:
Symbol: smth that represents an idea
What are common symbols of the US? Flag, bald eagle.
What are common symbols of other cultures? Religious symbols and statues, monuments.
Language
What are the three most commonly spoken languages in the world? Chinese, English, Spanish
Values: things people think are good, bad, right, wrong. Freedom, independence, fairness, respect (intensity/priority varies from culture to culture). Txtbk def: standards for judging how good, desirable, or beautiful something is.
Norms: common customs (ex: meet someone new in the US, you shake their hand), how you take up space, direct v. indirect.Txtbk def:
Co-cultures:
Groups of people who share values, customs, and norms related to mutual interests or characteristics besides their national citizenship.
Regional identity/co-culture,
Sports
Clubs and student org: interest groups
How Culture Affects Communication: Seven Aspects of Culture (there are gray areas in some cultures)
Individualism and Collectivism | Whether a culture emphasizes the needs of the individual or the group (me v. we) U.S.: individual, value voicing our opinion, independence, autonomy, competition Collective: value harmony and smoothness |
Low and High Context | Whether language is expected to be explicit or subtle Low: what I say is what I mean High: read between the lines |
Low- and High-Power Distance | Whether power is widely or narrowly distributed among people Low: equality, equal playing field; ask questions High: status bc of bloodlines, hierarchies; do not question authorities |
Masculine and Feminine (achievement and nurturing couture) | Whether traditionally masculine or feminine values are promoted Culture likes sex-specific roles. Masculine: achievement, individualism, dominance Feminine: nurturing collaboration, empathy |
Monochronic and Polychronic | Whether time is seen as a finite commodity of an infinite resource Mono: singular, not to be wasted; doing Poly: flexibility, not pinned down to schedules; being |
Uncertainty Avoidance | Whether people welcome or shy away from uncertainty To what degree is your culture okay with ambiguity and differences among its members/value conformity? |
Communication codes | How idioms, jargon, and gestures reflect cultural values Idiom: culturally understood sayings that don't make literal sense if translated into other cultures. Jargon: technical vocab, specific to an interest group or profession Gestures: not universal, can be harmful if not understood by different cultures. |
Gender:
At what point do we begin to differentiate people based on gender? Gender reveals
Why do we feel like doing that? How do raise, expectations put on them by others, figure out how to raise them
What we call gender is a function of:
Gender roles: masculinity, femininity, and androgyny (culturally bound)
Biological sex: biological female or biological male
Sexual orientation: heterosexual, homosexual, and asexual
Understanding gender and communication:
Gender roles are culturally constructed norms for how men and women are expected to act.
Masculinity, femininity, and androgyny
Their expectations influence our perspective of them
Biological sex is affected by:
Psychology
Genetics
Anatomy
Sexual Orientation: who we are attracted to
How does gender affect communication?
Expressive talk v. Instrumental talk (task-oriented): contextual, femininity is more expressive.
Language and Power: Powerful (direct, assertive) v. less powerful (hedging, qualifiers, questioning self)
Linguistic violence: degrading comments -> lot of it to women, bodies, and way of being
Gendered linguistic styles: Who uses more "I" statements: men
Nonverbals:
Touch and body movement
Emotional communication: how expressive are you based on expectations for gender
Affectionate behavior: demonstrates closeness
Chapter 2: Culture and Gender
What is culture?
Background, traditions, religion, values, celebrations.
Culture (def): a system of learned and shared symbols, language, values, and norms that distinguish one group of people from another. It is learned through enculturation.
Not necessarily related to or based on our ethnicity (a mind's perception of his or herself), or nationality (an individual's status as a citizen of another country).
Society: a group of people who share a culture
In-groups (people like you, tend to gravitate towards them, more commonalities) v. Out-groups (perceived as different from you):
Ethnocentrism: when you believe that your cultural practices are superior to other cultures, foreground of racism and prejudice.
Enculturation: a process of acquiring culture, a method of learning.
Components of Culture:
Symbol: smth that represents an idea
What are common symbols of the US? Flag, bald eagle.
What are common symbols of other cultures? Religious symbols and statues, monuments.
Language
What are the three most commonly spoken languages in the world? Chinese, English, Spanish
Values: things people think are good, bad, right, wrong. Freedom, independence, fairness, respect (intensity/priority varies from culture to culture). Txtbk def: standards for judging how good, desirable, or beautiful something is.
Norms: common customs (ex: meet someone new in the US, you shake their hand), how you take up space, direct v. indirect.Txtbk def:
Co-cultures:
Groups of people who share values, customs, and norms related to mutual interests or characteristics besides their national citizenship.
Regional identity/co-culture,
Sports
Clubs and student org: interest groups
How Culture Affects Communication: Seven Aspects of Culture (there are gray areas in some cultures)
Individualism and Collectivism | Whether a culture emphasizes the needs of the individual or the group (me v. we) U.S.: individual, value voicing our opinion, independence, autonomy, competition Collective: value harmony and smoothness |
Low and High Context | Whether language is expected to be explicit or subtle Low: what I say is what I mean High: read between the lines |
Low- and High-Power Distance | Whether power is widely or narrowly distributed among people Low: equality, equal playing field; ask questions High: status bc of bloodlines, hierarchies; do not question authorities |
Masculine and Feminine (achievement and nurturing couture) | Whether traditionally masculine or feminine values are promoted Culture likes sex-specific roles. Masculine: achievement, individualism, dominance Feminine: nurturing collaboration, empathy |
Monochronic and Polychronic | Whether time is seen as a finite commodity of an infinite resource Mono: singular, not to be wasted; doing Poly: flexibility, not pinned down to schedules; being |
Uncertainty Avoidance | Whether people welcome or shy away from uncertainty To what degree is your culture okay with ambiguity and differences among its members/value conformity? |
Communication codes | How idioms, jargon, and gestures reflect cultural values Idiom: culturally understood sayings that don't make literal sense if translated into other cultures. Jargon: technical vocab, specific to an interest group or profession Gestures: not universal, can be harmful if not understood by different cultures. |
Gender:
At what point do we begin to differentiate people based on gender? Gender reveals
Why do we feel like doing that? How do raise, expectations put on them by others, figure out how to raise them
What we call gender is a function of:
Gender roles: masculinity, femininity, and androgyny (culturally bound)
Biological sex: biological female or biological male
Sexual orientation: heterosexual, homosexual, and asexual
Understanding gender and communication:
Gender roles are culturally constructed norms for how men and women are expected to act.
Masculinity, femininity, and androgyny
Their expectations influence our perspective of them
Biological sex is affected by:
Psychology
Genetics
Anatomy
Sexual Orientation: who we are attracted to
How does gender affect communication?
Expressive talk v. Instrumental talk (task-oriented): contextual, femininity is more expressive.
Language and Power: Powerful (direct, assertive) v. less powerful (hedging, qualifiers, questioning self)
Linguistic violence: degrading comments -> lot of it to women, bodies, and way of being
Gendered linguistic styles: Who uses more "I" statements: men
Nonverbals:
Touch and body movement
Emotional communication: how expressive are you based on expectations for gender
Affectionate behavior: demonstrates closeness
NoteStudied by 2 peopleNoteStudied by 7 peopleNoteStudied by 25 peopleNoteStudied by 1 personNoteStudied by 20 peopleNoteStudied by 3 people