Middle East |
-> The emergence of Islamic caliphates = stepping stones for the spread & establishment of Islam Rashidun Caliphate Established after Prophet Muhammad's death, marking the Islamic state's beginning. Comprised the first four caliphs: Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, and Ali, known for their close association with Muhammad. Introduced administrative/governance structures that laid the foundation for future caliphates Capital: City of Medina
Umayyad Caliphate Known for its vast territorial expansion, reaching from Spain to India (biggest caliphate) Shift from community-based ruling to hereditary/dynastic rule Capital: Damascus
Abbasid Caliphate More inclusive, cosmopolitan,and diverse Islamic society Golden Age of Islam Capital: Baghdad major cultural, intellectual, and economic hub of the Islamic world BUILT AROUND TRADE!!! House of Wisdom (learning center visited by intellectuals from across the world)
DECLINE = Mongol invasion of Baghdad (Ilkhanate) + fragmentation of the empire due to too many regions
-> Dar-Al Islam (all Islamic empires in one) Seljuk Turks Took over Baghdad BEFORE the Mongols were in charge of the Abbasid Caliphate (SULTANS) + but, allowed caliphs to stay in their positions
Mamluks Ottoman Turks
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Europe |
Context:
-> Fall of Western Roman Empire = start of POLITICALLY FRAGMENTED Europe + start of multiple kingdoms/territories -> This will be known as the HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE
-> AFTER MIDDLE AGES => Start of Nation States Germany- reigning family died out w/o a sucessor; entered a period of interregnum (time of kings) England- unified much quicker due to tradition of having a strong monarchy (since the time of William the Conqueror) Tradition breaks during King John’s reign Nobles rebel and force the king to sign the Magna Carta, laying the foundation for the Parliament
France- aimed to fight back England occupation of French territories, leading to its eventual statehood The Hundred Years’ War: England and France fought over who would be the king of France Joan of Arc: claimed to be divinely inspired to free France from England authority + led men to battle + was supplied w/ military backing Bourbons- series of monarchs that unified France
Spain Initially united by Queen Isabella, ruler of Castile BUT, Spain was divided: Kingdom was divided into 3 independent Spanish kingdoms; hence, there was no single ruler Peasants were split among Christians & Muslims
RESULT: Isabella marries Ferdinand (heir to the Spanish Kingdom of Aragon), uniting most of Spain under a single monarchy
RUSSIA Part of the Eastern Orthodox Church (Eastern Europe is very diff than Western Europe) Spent most of their time defending western invaders -> eventual surrender to Tatars (Mongolians) under Ghenghis Khan LATER IN HISTORY: 14th century- Mongolian power grew less + led to rise of Russian princes to power in Moscow region
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Asia |
All Chinese Dynasties In Order | 1) Shang Dynasty | - 1st Wave of Civilization established near the Yellow River Valley - oracle bones - bronze metallurgy | 2) Zhou Dynasty | - created Mandate of Heaven to justify rule - Warring States Period @ end of dynasty among several Chinese states - rise of Confucianism, Daoism, & Legalism | 3) Qin Dynasty | - 1st unified empired under Qin Shi Huangdi - used Legalism - built parts of the Great Wall of China - collapsed due to harsh rule | 4) Han Dynasty | - learnt from Qin’s mistakes -> used Confucianism - golden age of China - expanded Silk Road - start of civil service examination in bureaucracy - collapsed due to peasant revolt (Yellow Turban Rebellion) | 5) Sui Dynasty | - BRIEF dynasty + reunified China after centuries of division - built the Grand Canal, linking the North & South for trade | 6) Tang Dynasty | - ANOTHER GOLDEN AGE = trade along Silk Road was at its HIGHEST - cultural flourishing + open society to outsiders + COSMOPOLITAN - spread of Buddhism - decline = An Lushan Rebellion | 7) Song Dynasty | - neo-confucianism + invention of gunpowder & paper money + market based economy - FELL TO THE MONGOLS | 8) Yuan Dynasty | - led by Kublai Khan -> Mongolian/outsider rule over China - integrated foreigners into Chinese administration - promoted trade across Silk Road | 9) Ming Dynasty | - revived Chinese culture & Confucianism - sought to get rid of ANY FOREIGN INFLUENCE - Zheng He’s maritime voyages into the Indian Ocean - Emperor Yongle sponsoring the Forbidden City, Temple of Heaven, etc. - isolationist policies | 10) Qing Dynasty | - founded by the Manchus + LAST DYNASTY!! - expanded China to its largest size - Banner System: military/social org. dividing popul. into diff banner groups for better control - decline = Taiping Rebellion, western imperialism, etc. |
-> CHINA SONG DYNASTY golden age of arts & literature Revived Han Dynasty’s civil service examination Oversaw China’s economic revolution => this dynasty was the most POPULOUS/RICHEST place at the time Rapid growth of population Advances in agriculture thru adoption of Vietnam’s champa rice Very industrialized -> capital city of Hangzhou Commercialization -> paper money, credit, etc. Movable type- early form of printing that increased literacy/bureaucrats in lower classes
Women- foot binding (wrapping girls’ feet to emphasize small size & delicacy of female beauty) Neo-Confucianism: modern Confucian ideas + Bhuddhist ideas
-> JAPAN Chinese cultural borrowing was VOLUNTARY AND SELECTIVE Decentralization of power (failed attempt at Chinese model) Kept their own Japanese beliefs Women- had their rights; escaped Confucian ideals Fuedal Japan (occured @ same time as Western Europe, but independently) Shogun- chief general Daimyo- owners of land
-> KOREA independent but had a tributary relationship w/ China Women- modeled after Chinese Confucian ideals However, Chinese cultural influence (except for Buddhism) had little impact beyond the aristocracy, peasants, and enslaved ppl
-> VIETNAM
-> INDIA
-> SOUTHEAST ASIA (spread of Hinduism/Buddhism) |
Africa |
African Empires In Order |
 | 1) Kingdom of Axum | - Precursor to Christian Ethiopia; 1st Christian empire in the world | 2) Ghana Empire | - 1st major West African Empire - Grew rich from salt-gold trade - Influenced by Islam | 3) Great Zimbabwe | - Famous for huge stone architecture- Great Enclosure, reflecting the power of the Shona ppl - Controlled inland trade of gold & ivory to Swahilli Coast - INDIGENOUS religion | 4) Swahili Coast of City States | - Acted as intermediaries-> connected African trade networks w/ the Indian Ocean - Bantu + Arabic = Swahili language & culture - Traded gold, ivory, & slaves | 5) Mali Empire | - Ruled by Mansa Musa; famous hajj showing off his wealth + cultural diffusion - Timbuktu- major trading hub + center of Islamic learning | 6) Ethiopian Christian Kingdoms | - successfully resisted Islamic expansion in northeast Africa - Continuation of Axum’s Christian traditon | 7) Hausa Kingdoms | - City states involved in trans-saharan trade - strategic location along key trade routes = major hub of commerce - similar to Mali & Songhai empire | 8) Songhai Empire | - replaced Mali later in history + largest West African empire |
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Americas |
| Mayans | - located in MesoAmerica @ Yucatan peninsula - Independent city-states ruled by their own kings ALWAYS at war - each kingdom shared: ceremonial centers w/ step pyramids, palaces, & plazas Calendar systems based on astronomy for agri. & rituals created concept of zero + strong math skills Polytheistic Agriculture centered around maize, corn, beans, & squash
- DECLINE: environmental degradation & drought | Aztecs | - also known as the Mexica (lived in central Mexico) - capital city @ Tenochtitlan - rise in power = triple alliance w/ Texcoco and Tlacopan - known for having a strong military + religious rituals - politics: hierarchical society based on TRIBUTARY STATES; decentralized -floating gardens (chinampas) for food production - religious system = military -> captured ppl given as sacrifices | Incas | - capital @ Cusco, Peru (Andes Mountains) - empire integrated multiple ethnic groups & ppl - politics: centralized w/ focus on agriculture & infrastructure Sapa Incas- claimed divine status as ruler biggest achievement = transportation system Extensive network of roads with rest stops & relay runners
- mita: labor tax requiring work on state projects - quipus: knotted strings used for record-keeping - Worship of the sun god Inti - great builders: Temple of the Sun & Machu Picchu | | Cahokia | - located @ St. Louis, Mississippi River Valley - built huge earthen mounsds (Monks Mound) for burials/religious ceremonies - agriculture based on MAIZE | Mesa Verde | - Southwestern North America - Cliff dwellings housing dozens or hundreds of people - Drought, arid climate -> led to future migration - descendants = Pueblo ppl | Chaco Canyon | - Southwestern North America - "Great Houses" containing hundreds of rooms - network of long-distance trade + regional road system |
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Note
Studied by 140 people