Untitled Flashcards Set
Intro and planet formation
Big Bang red shift nucleosynthesis
nebula protoplanetary disk planetessimals
chondrite meteorites planetary accretion geomagnetic dynamo
iron meteorites differentiation core
inner core outer core refraction
P-wave S-wave P-wave shadow
S-wave shadow
Plate Tectonics
peridotite mantle convection
distillation partial melting sea-floor spreading
oceanic crust continental crust subduction zone
volcanic island arcs plate tectonics hypothesis
theory paleomagnetism magnetic lineations
lithosphere asthenosphere mantle convection
plate boundary mid-ocean ridge rifting
trench subduction zone Ring of Fire
strike-slip boundary oceanic transform passive margin
collisional plate boundary Wegener Glacial striations
Glossopterus Geosynclines
Minerals
Silicate silica tetrahedron crystal lattice
Mineral definition atomic structure Cation
Anion Coordination polyhedral Oxide
Carbonate Common mineral family decoder list
Igneous rocks
intrusive igneous rock extrusive igneous rock felsic
mafic granite basalt
dike sill pluton
batholith volcanic ash lava flow
viscosity shield volcano strato (composite) volcano
rhyolite andesite diorite
differentiation
Sedimentary rocks
physical sediment chemical sediment fluvial erosion
erosion lithification compaction
cementation deposition talus
clay minerals conglomerate sandstone
shale biochemical sediment limestone
chert evaporite organic sediment
sediment sorting cross bedding bedforms
Halite Gypsum
Metamorphism
metamorphism diffusion foliation
metamorphic grade slate phyllite
schist gneiss migmatite
geothermal gradient Index minerals Facies
Weathering
weathering Delta oxidation
mass wasting hubris floodplain
meandering avulsion debris flow
landslide acid-mine drainage hydrolysis
physical weathering chemical weathering
Geologic time
Geologic Timescale relative geologic time absolute geologic time
stratigraphy superposition original horizontality
faunal succession radioactive decay isotope
half-life Absolute dating Relative dating
superposition Uniformitarianism Hutton
Relative dating Lateral continuity Cross cutting relationships
Role of fossils in correlation
Geological time scale
Relative order/sizes of Eons, Eras, Periods, Epochs, Stages
Ages of start of Proterozoic, Paleozoic, Mesozoic and Cenozoic Eras
Breaks in deposition (unconformities)
Angular unconformity
Disconformity
Non-conformity
Geology of Virginia
Blue Ridge Piedmont Valley and Ridge
Pangaea Rodinia Alleghany Plateau
Coastal Plain Wilson cycle Grenville
Appalachian collisions Taconic Radon
Deformation and mountain building
thrust fault folding stress
ductile deformation brittle deformation strain
earthquake epicenter focus
elastic rebound seismograph magnitude
Normal fault Strike-slip fault Joints
Faults Fractures Foliation
Is foliation the same as bedding? Strike
Dip
Earthquakes
P waves S waves surface waves
tsunami forecast probability map Earthquake hazards
precursor liquefaction Forecasting
Prediction Building structure types that are good for seismic resilience
Building types that are bad for seismic resilience
Geologic settings that are favourable and unfavourable for building foundations in seismic zones
Seismic wave frequency and impact on structures
Moment magnitude scale
Scale factor for 1 magnitude of increase
Basic physical parts of moment magnitude equation, (NB: not precise factors, so identify equation in words and not numbers)
Groundwater
groundwater porosity permeability
aquifer aquiclude unconfined aquifer
water table saltwater intrusion confined aquifer
artesian well Darcy’s Law
Oceans
hydrologic cycle residence time Shallow ocean currents
deep ocean currents Role of Northeast Atlantic Temperature shallow to deep
thermohaline circulation Salinity Density
Ocean current diving forces
Past climate
solar insolation thermohaline circulation El Niño effect
Milankovitch Cycle Greenhouse Effect
paleoclimate moraine till
Little Ice Age Younger Dryas Global Average Temperature
Present climate change
Degrees C to an ice age CO2 range over last 800,000 years
Relationship of CO2 to oxygen levels and their link
Relative contributions of sea level rise from melting of mountain glaciers vs. Greenland vs. Antarctica (only 1 number for each, think more about relative contributions)
Resources
Placer deposit porphyry pegmatite
Elemental concentration Enrichment factor Source
Trap Reservoir Seal
Timing Major sources of hydrocarbons for US today
Chemical complexity of natural hydrocarbons
Fraction of 92 elements in a cell phone
Physical concentration vs chemical concentration
Identify one or two examples
Future climate
Greenhouse gasses carbon-capture and storage
Shared Socioeconomic Pathways
Amounts of sea level rise predicted with various temperature rises
global circulation model tipping point
