The Pragma-Dialectical Approach to Fallacies

Abstract

The article discusses the design and development of the pragma-dialectical approach to fallacies. The pragma-dialectical framework is designed to provide a comprehensive understanding of the nature and implications of fallacies within the context of argumentative discourse. Fallacies are considered violations of standards for critical discourse expressed in a code of conduct that includes rules and guidelines meant to facilitate effective argumentation and discourse.

This paper explores the concept of problem-solving validity in argumentation, illustrating how it differs from mere logical validity, and demonstrates conventional validity for real-life arguers. It emphasizes the importance of strategic maneuvering in argumentative discourse, noting that violations of established rules within fallacies can derail strategic efforts aimed at effectively resolving disagreements between interlocutors. Furthermore, the exploitation of hidden fallaciousness is highlighted as an unreasonable tactic that undermines the integrity of argumentative exchanges.

Introduction to the Pragma-Dialectical Approach

The pragma-dialectical method revisits fallacies by defining them as breaches of critical discussion standards. It integrates a dialectical perspective of argumentative exchange—involving the interaction between opposing viewpoints—and a pragmatic perspective that considers the communicative moves made during discourse. This dual lens allows for a more nuanced understanding of how arguments are constructed and deconstructed in real-life scenarios.

Four Stages of Critical Discussion

1. Confrontation Stage: This stage involves the identification of differences in opinion, where participants recognize conflicting positions.

2. Opening Stage: Here, participants establish starting points for resolution, determining the conditions under which dialogue can proceed.

3. Argumentation Stage: In this stage, participants defend their positions against doubts or criticisms, employing argumentative strategies to bolster their claims.

4. Concluding Stage: This final stage determines the extent of resolution achieved, assessing whether consensus has been reached or if further dialogue is necessary.

Fallacies and Standards for Argumentative Discourse

In contrast to traditional views that often see fallacies solely through the lens of logical validity, the pragma-dialectical perspective posits that fallacies can violate a variety of reasonableness standards. Logical validity applies only to the argumentation stage and does not govern all argumentative moves made by the participants throughout the critical discussion process.

Code of Conduct for Argumentative Discourse

A practical code outlining rules for reasonable argumentative discourse includes:

• Freedom Rule: Ensures that no participant is obstructed in advancing their standpoints.

• Obligation to Defend Rule: Requires discussion participants to defend their positions when challenged.

• Standpoint Rule: States that any attacks must be relevant to the actual standpoint being discussed.

• Relevance Rule: Prohibits the use of non-argumentative or irrelevant arguments.

• Unexpressed Premise Rule: Emphasizes the importance of accurately attributing any unexpressed premises that underlie arguments.

• Starting Point Rule: Prohibits the misrepresentation of accepted starting points during discussions.

• Validity Rule: Dictates that all explicitly expressed reasoning must be logically valid.

• Argument Scheme Rule: Requires that proper argument schemes be applied appropriately in discourse contexts.

• Concluding Rule: Establishes that conclusiveness must be thoroughly assessed during the conclusion stage.

• Language Use Rule: Stresses the necessity of clarity and unambiguity in communication among participants.

Fallacies as Derailments of Strategic Maneuvering

Violations of these rules throughout the various stages of discourse can derail strategic maneuvers intended to effectively resolve differences of opinion. Strategic maneuvering involves balancing reasonableness and effectiveness in discourse, which is crucial for refraining from fallacious behavior. Fallacies can manifest in any stage of the argumentative process, hindering the ability of participants to reach a productive resolution.

Empirical Research in Argumentation

An empirical research project titled Conceptions of Reasonableness investigates people's judgments on argumentative contributions in relation to pragma-dialectical standards. Findings confirm that violations of the discussed rules are perceived as unreasonable, thereby supporting the conventional validity of pragma-dialectical standards in practical application.

Hidden Fallaciousness in Argumentative Discourse

Fallacies often present themselves subtly within discourse, rendering them difficult to recognize for all participants. Arguer's strategic camouflaging of fallacies allows them to appear reasonable, often utilizing rhetorical practices that mask the unreasonable nature of their arguments. Various examples illustrate the ways in which fallacies can be effectively disguised in conversations, complicating the detection process for others.

Contextualization of Fallacies in Argumentative Practices

The study of fallacies must take into account the context of the communicative activity type, recognizing that different settings—such as informal conversations, academic discussions, or legal procedures—necessitate tailored standards for evaluating fallacies. Contextual specifications are essential for understanding the requirements for reasonable argumentative discourse based on the norms and conventions inherent to specific institutions.

Conclusion

Continued research is necessary to explore the nature of fallacies and their soundness conditions in various contexts. By emphasizing the practical applications of reasonableness standards, it is possible to enhance understanding and detection of fallacies in discourse, which can lead to more productive and rational argumentative practices in both academic and everyday settings.