ORGANIC CHEM LAB

• All organic compounds contain carbon atoms, hydrogen atoms, and one or more functional groups

• Organic Chemistry: The study of carbon compounds

• Covalent Bond: a chemical bond formed from the sharing of electrons

HOW TO FIND BONDING CAPACITY?

• A straight line from an atom with nothing on the other end of it is one electron available

SKETCHES

Methyl Group:

CH3

Amino:

NH2

Hydroxl (Alcohol) Group:

OH

Carboxl Group or Carboxylic Acid:

COOH

Phosphate Group:

(H2)PO4

• One of the Oxygens has a double bond*

Keytone + Aldehyde:

C=O

• Both are C double bonded to an O

• The difference is the location of the =O within the carbon chain:

• Aldehyde: if the oxygen is on the end of a carbon skeleton

• Ketone: if the oxygen is on a carbon in the middle of a skeleton

Carbohydrates:

• General Formula of : CxH(2x)H(x)

• Ratio of 1:2:1

• Complex Carbs can be broken down into simple sugars such as monosaccharides

• Simple sugars can be joined together to form disaccharide and polysaccharides

• Simple Sugars: follow the 1:2:1 ratio rule

• Complex usually one oxygen and 2 hydrogens short of the ration

• Dehydration Synthesis:

  • When two simple sugars(which have the expected ration), react with each other and form a larger sugar molecule - they lose a water molecule from between them.

  • Sometimes labeled “condesation reaction”" as two small molecules are consolidated into one larger molecule

• To find if mono, di, tri, saccharide:

  • Compare number of carbons and oxygens

    • Difference + 1 = number of sacchardies

  • Example: C9 H14 07

  • Two Water molecules missing, so trisacharide

Lipids:

• Organic molecules that are insoluble

• Amount of oxygen is much less that amount of carbon

• Carb - “watered carbon” which implies near equal amount of C and O

• Can be seperated into 3 categories: Fats, Phospholipids, steroids

  • Fats

    • Lipid molecules composed of 2 kinds of building blocks:

      • A glycerol and 3 fatty acids

        • Glycerol:

          • 3 carbon skeleton with 3 alcohol groups (OH) on each carbon

          • C3 H5 (OH)3

        • Fatty Acid:

          • Long carbon skeleton with a carboxylic acid (COOH) at one end

          • 2 types: Saturated or Unsaturated

            • Saturated:

              • is completely “hydrogenated”

              • No double bonds

            • Unsaturated:

              • Double bond between carbon

      • Glycerol and fatty acids combine through dehydration synthesis

• Phospholipids:

  • contains glycerol and fatty acids like fat, but one fatty acid chain is replaced by a:

    • complex group of atoms that contain a phosphate group

• When fats or phospholipids are synthesized, they react with their compenent parts, and water is removed from between them

• When being digested or broke down, opposite occurs

  • When water is added to a large molecule to break it down, the reaction is called Hydrolysis

• Steriods:

  • complex lipids composed of 4 interlocking carbon rings

Proteins:

• composed of amino acids

  • each amino acid is composed of a:

    • carbon skeleton

    • an amino group

    • a carboxylic acid

  • When 2 amino acids react with each other, water is removed

    • From hydrogen in the amino group

    • And OH from carboxylic acid

    • No oxygen left to hold them together

  • They now bond directly from the Nitrogen(N) and the Carbon(C) of the carboxylic acid.

  • This bond can only happen between amino acids and is called a Peptide Bond

  • A molecule consisting of several amino acids joined by peptide bonds are called polypeptides

Review Problems

MEMORIZE

1. C6 H10 O5 - Complex Carbohydrate

2. C3 H5 (OH)3 - Alcohol

3. C3 H7 (OH) - Alcohol

4. CH3 CO CH3 - Ketone

5. CH3 CH2 CHO - Aldehyde

6. CH3 CH2 - COOH - Carboxylic Acid

7. CH3 - (CH2)17 COOH - Carboxylic Acid

8. CH3 - CH - NH2 - Amino Acid

/. I

/ COOH

9. COOH CH2 NH2 - Amino Acid

Hydrolysis + Dehydration Synthesis:

Macromolecules - Large organic molecules

• Formed by removal of water from 2 adjacent functional groups - Dehyradtion Synthesis

• H - subunit - OH+H - subunit - OH ———→ H - subunit - subunit - OH + HOH

• Macromolecules can be broken down by addition of water between 2 adjacent subunits - Hydrolysis

• H - subunit - subunit - OH+H2O —————→ H - subunit - OH+H - subunit - OH

Amino Acid:

The base structure of an amino acid with an R group can be represented as follows:

      H

      |

H2N - C - COOH

      |

      R

Key Components:

1. Central Carbon (α-carbon): The central atom to which all other groups are attached.

2. Amino Group (-NH₂): A functional group that acts as a base, capable of accepting a proton.

3. Carboxyl Group (-COOH): A functional group that acts as an acid, capable of donating a proton.

4. Hydrogen Atom (H): A single hydrogen atom bonded to the central carbon.

5. Side Chain (R group): A variable group that determines the unique properties of the amino acid. Each of the 20 standard amino acids has a different R group, ranging from a simple hydrogen atom (as in glycine) to more complex structures like a benzene ring (as in phenylalanine).

This general structure makes amino acids versatile and essential for building proteins.