Parts of the brain

(Mid Brain)Tectum: roof of the midbrain

(Mid Brain)Superior colliculus and inferior colliculus: processes sensory

information

(Mid Brain)Tegmentum: contains nuclei for cranial nerves and part of the

reticular formation

(Mid Brain)Substantia nigra: gives rise to the dopamine-containing pathway

facilitating readiness for movement

What is the brain stem made up of: Hindbrain, midbrain, and other central brain structures make up the brain stem.

(Hind Brain)Medulla oblongata: Influences the brain centers that regulate sleep and waking and also helps control respiration and circulation

(Hind Brain) Pons: Directs communication between the cerebellum and the forebrain and helps control circulation and breathing

(Hind Brain) Cerebellum: Integrates what we see, hear, and feel; it coordinates moment and balance

laminae: layers of cell bodies that are parallel to the surface of the cerebral cortex and separated from each other by layers of fibers

Frontal lobe: abstract reasoning, decision making, executive function, motor movement (precentral gyrus)

Parietal lobe: spatial and numerical information, actions, sensory info (postcentral gyrus)

Occipital lobe: Vision perception

Temporal lobe: auditory information, memory and learning, language

Cerebral cortex: Outside of the brain made up of neurons and glia (Gray Matter)

Cortical Homunculus: How our bodies are represented in the brain (Wilder Penfield weird looking model)

Limbic System: Complex set of structures located deep within the brain, primarily involved in emotion, memory, and behavior regulation.

(Limbic System)Cingulate gyrus: Cortex on lateral walls of groove separating hemispheres (above corpus callosum. Receives and relays information across the brain also involved in emotion regulation, pain perception, and decision-making

(Limbic System) Hippocampus: forebrain structure in temporal lobe. Formation of new memories and spatial

navigation and consolidation information from short-term to long-term memory.

(Limbic System) Amygdala: Structure in interior temporal lobe. Processing emotions, particularly fear and aggression, and emotional memory.

(Limbic System) Thalamus: Projection fibers connect to the cortical surface to relay sensation, spatial and motor signal information. Gateway to higher cortical function. Regulates consciousness, sleep, alertness

(Limbic System) Hypothalamus: Controls the autonomic nervous system and endocrine system Influences stress responses and emotional reactions. Regulates autonomic functions (e.g., hunger, thirst, temperature control)

(Limbic system) Mammillary bodies: A protrusion of the bottom of the brain at the posterior end of the hypothalamus. Contains some hypothalamic

nuclei. Serves as relay stations in reflexes related to the sense of smell.

(Limbic System) Olfactory Bulb: a pair of nerve cell clusters in the brain that process information about smells

Limbic system includes: structures that form the epicentre of emotion and behavioural expression (Responsible for things like emotions, ptsd, depression, anxiety ect)

Anterior Pituitary (Master Gland): Releases tropic hormones that control secretion/production of hormones in other glands of the endocrine system.

nucleus basalis: a forebrain structure that lies on the ventral surface; receives input from the hypothalamus and basal ganglia; sends axons to areas in the cerebral cortex

Basil Ganglia: Subcortical nuclei involved in coordinating voluntary movements, motor learning, and reward processing (Crutial for building new habits and skills)

Basil Ganglia is comprised of: The caudate nucleus, putamen and globus pallidus