Untitled Flashcards Set

WHEN MAKING THE FLASHCARDS INCLUDE THE EXAMPLES ALONGSIDE THE DEFINITION--

### Front: Health psychology

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Definition: Studies how psychological factors affect health and illness.Example: A psychologist helps a patient manage diabetes by reducing stress-related eating.

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### Front: Stress

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Definition: The body's response to challenging or threatening situations.Example: Feeling overwhelmed before a big exam.

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### Front: Hypertension

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Definition: Chronically high blood pressure, often stress-related.Eg: A CEO develops hypertension due to long-term work stress.

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### Front: Immune suppression

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Definition: Weakened immune system function due to chronic stress.Example: A student gets sick frequently during finals week.

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### Front: Stressors

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Definition: External events or situations that cause stress.Example: Traffic jams, deadlines, or family conflicts.

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### Front: Eustress (motivating)

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Definition: Positive stress that enhances performance.Example: The excitement before a sports competition.

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### Front: Distress (debilitating)

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Definition: Negative stress that impairs functioning.Example: Panic before a public speech.

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### Front: Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs)

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Definition: Traumatic childhood events linked to adult health problems.Example: Growing up with parental neglect or abuse.

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### Front: General adaptation syndrome (GAS)

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Definition: The body’s three-stage response to stress (alarm, resistance, exhaustion).Example: A car accident triggers shock, then coping, then burnout.

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### Front: Alarm reaction phase

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Definition: Immediate "fight-or-flight" response to stress.Example: Heart racing when you see a snake.

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### Front: Resistance phase

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Definition: Body adapts to prolonged stress.Example: Working long hours for weeks during a project.

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### Front: Fight-flight-freeze response

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Definition: Instinctive reactions to threat.Example: Freezing during a robbery.

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### Front: Exhaustion phase

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Definition: Energy depletion after chronic stress.Example: Collapsing after months of caregiving.

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### Front: Tend-and-befriend theory

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Definition: Stress response involving nurturing and social bonding (common in women).Example: A mother hugs her child after a scary event.

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### Front: Problem-focused coping

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Definition: Addressing stress by solving the issue.Example: Making a study schedule to reduce exam anxiety.

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### Front: Emotion-focused coping

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Definition: Managing emotional response to stress.Example: Meditating after a breakup.

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### Front: Positive psychology

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Definition: Focuses on strengths and well-being.Example: Teaching gratitude to boost happiness.

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### Front: Well-being

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Definition: Overall life satisfaction and health.Example: Feeling content with work, relationships, and hobbies.

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### Front: Resilience

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Definition: Bouncing back from adversity.Example: Recovering quickly after losing a job.

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### Front: Positive emotions

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Definition: Feelings like joy, gratitude, or hope.Example: Laughing with friends.

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### Front: Gratitude

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Definition: Appreciation for positive aspects of life.Example: Writing thank-you notes.

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### Front: Positive subjective experiences

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Definition: Personal feelings of happiness or fulfillment.Example: The "runner’s high" after exercise.

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### Front: Subjective well-being

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Definition: Self-reported happiness and life satisfaction.Example: Rating your life 8/10 on a survey.

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### Front: Signature strengths

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Definition: Personal traits like creativity or kindness.Example: A teacher’s patience with students.

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### Front: Virtues

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Definition: Moral qualities valued across cultures.Example: Honesty or courage.

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### Front: Positive objective experiences

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Definition: Observable positive behaviors or achievements.Example: Winning an award or volunteering.

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### Front: Happiness

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Definition: A sustained sense of joy and contentment.Example: Feeling fulfilled in retirement.

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### Front: Categories of virtues

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Definition: Wisdom, courage, humanity, justice, temperance, transcendence.Example: Forgiveness (humanity) or meditation (transcendence).

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### Front: Posttraumatic growth

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Definition: Positive psychological change after trauma.Example: Starting a charity after surviving illness.

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### Front: Dysfunction

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Definition: Impaired daily functioning due to mental illness.Example: Unable to work due to severe depression.

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### Front: Distress

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Definition: Extreme emotional suffering.Example: Crying daily after a loss.

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### Front: Deviation from the social norm

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Definition: Behavior violating cultural expectations.Example: Talking to oneself loudly in public.

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### Front: Cultural/societal norms

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Definition: Shared rules for behavior in a group.Example: Bowing in Japan.

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### Front: Stigma

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Definition: Negative stereotypes about mental illness.Example: Assuming someone with schizophrenia is dangerous.

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### Front: Racism

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Definition: Prejudice based on race.Example: Denying a job due to ethnicity.

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### Front: Sexism

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Definition: Prejudice based on gender.Example: Paying women less than men.

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### Front: Ageism

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Definition: Prejudice based on age.Example: Firing older workers first.

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### Front: Discrimination

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Definition: Unfair treatment based on group membership.Example: Refusing to rent to someone with a disability.

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### Front: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)

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Definition: The standard classification of mental disorders in the U.S.Example: Used to diagnose major depressive disorder.

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### Front: International Classification of Mental Disorders (ICD)

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Definition: Global system for diagnosing diseases (including mental health).Example: Used in Europe to code bipolar disorder.

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### Front: Eclectic approach

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Definition: Using multiple therapy techniques.Example: Combining CBT and medication for anxiety.

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### Front: Behavioral perspective

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Definition: Focuses on learned behaviors.Example: Using rewards to change a child’s tantrums.

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### Front: Maladaptive learned associations

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Definition: Harmful behaviors reinforced over time.Example: Smoking to relieve stress.

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### Front: Psychodynamic perspective

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Definition: Explores unconscious motives.Example: A patient’s fear of abandonment linked to childhood.

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### Front: Humanistic perspective

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Definition: Emphasizes growth and free will.Example: Therapy focused on self-actualization.

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### Front: Cognitive perspective

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Definition: Examines thought patterns.Example: Challenging negative beliefs about failure.

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### Front: Evolutionary perspective

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Definition: Analyzes behaviors as adaptations.Example: Fear of snakes as a survival instinct.

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### Front: Sociocultural perspective

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Definition: Considers social and cultural influences.Example: Higher depression rates in marginalized groups.

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### Front: Biological perspective

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Definition: Focuses on genetics and brain chemistry.

Example: Low serotonin linked to depression.

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### Front: Biopsychosocial model

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Definition: Integrates biological, psychological, and social factors.Example: Obesity influenced by genes, stress, and food access.

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### Front: Diathesis-stress model

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Definition: Mental illness results from predisposition + stress.Example: Genetic risk for schizophrenia triggered by trauma.

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### Front: Neurodevelopmental disorders

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Definition: Conditions arising from brain development issues.Example: ADHD or autism.

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### Front: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

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Definition: Persistent inattention and/or hyperactivity.Example: A child who can’t sit still in class.

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### Front: Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

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Definition: Social/communication challenges + repetitive behaviors.Example: A nonverbal child who loves lining up toys.

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### Front: Schizophrenic Spectrum Disorders

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Definition: Psychotic disorders with reality distortion.Example: Hearing voices or believing in conspiracies.

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### Front: Delusions

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Definition: Fixed false beliefs.Example: Thinking the FBI is spying on you.

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### Front: Hallucinations

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Definition: Sensory experiences without stimuli.Example: Seeing demons on the wall.

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### Front: Disorganized thinking

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Definition: Incoherent or illogical thoughts.Example: Jumping from topic to topic randomly.

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### Front: Disorganized speech

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Definition: Incomprehensible language.Example: "The moon ate my homework yesterday."

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### Front: Disorganized motor behavior

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Definition: Odd or repetitive movements.Example: Waving arms aimlessly.

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### Front: Negative symptoms

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Definition: Absence of normal behaviors (e.g., flat affect).Example: No facial expressions.

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### Front: Positive symptoms

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Definition: Added abnormal behaviors (e.g., hallucinations).Example: Delusions of grandeur.

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### Front: Delusions of persecution

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Definition: Belief others are harming you.Example: "My neighbors are poisoning my food."

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### Front: Delusions of grandeur

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Definition: Belief in exaggerated importance.Example: "I’m the Messiah."

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### Front: Word salad

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Definition: Incoherent mix of words.Example: "Apple sky running purple."

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### Front: Catatonia

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Definition: Immobility or repetitive movements.Example: Staring blankly for hours.

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### Front: Flat affect

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Definition: Reduced emotional expression.Example: Monotone voice, blank face.

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### Front: Catatonic stupor

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Definition: Total lack of movement.Example: A patient frozen in one position.

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### Front: Dopamine hypothesis

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Definition: Excess dopamine linked to schizophrenia.Example: Antipsychotics block dopamine receptors.

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### Front: Depressive disorders

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Definition: Conditions marked by persistent sadness.Example: Major depressive disorder.

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### Front: Major Depressive Disorder

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Definition: Severe depression lasting ≥2 weeks.

Example: Can’t get out of bed or enjoy hobbies.

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### Front: Persistent Depressive Disorder

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Definition: Chronic, low-grade depression.Example: Feeling "blah" most days for years.

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### Front: Bipolar disorders

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Definition: Alternating depression and mania.Example: Weeks of euphoria followed by crash.

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### Front: Cycling

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Definition: Shifts between mood episodes.Example: Rapid mood swings in a week.

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### Front: Mania

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Definition: Elevated mood, energy, and impulsivity.Example: Maxing out credit cards on whims.

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### Front: Depression

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Definition: Persistent sadness and lethargy.Example: No motivation to eat or shower.

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### Front: Bipolar I Disorder

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Definition: Mania + depression.Example: Hospitalized during manic episodes.

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### Front: Bipolar II Disorder

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Definition: Hypomania (mild mania) + depression.Example: High productivity then exhaustion.

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### Front: Anxiety disorders

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Definition: Excessive fear or worry.Example: Panic disorder or phobias.

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### Front: Specific phobia

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Definition: Intense fear of a specific object/situation.Example: Arachnophobia (fear of spiders).

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### Front: Acrophobia

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Definition: Fear of heights.Example: Panicking on a balcony.

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### Front: Arachnophobia

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Definition: Fear of spiders.Example: Screaming at a tiny house spider.

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### Front: Agoraphobia

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Definition: Fear of open/public spaces.Example: Unable to leave home.

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### Front: Panic disorder

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Definition: Recurrent panic attacks.Example: Heart palpitations and dread "out of nowhere."

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### Front: Panic attack

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Definition: Sudden, intense fear with physical symptoms.Example: Feeling like you’re dying for 10 minutes.

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### Front: Ataque de nervios

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Definition: Culture-bound panic-like episode.Example: Screaming and collapsing after a family argument (Latinx cultures).

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### Front: Social anxiety disorder

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Definition: Fear of social scrutiny.Example: Avoiding parties due to fear of embarrassment.

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### Front: Taijin kyofusho

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Definition: Japanese fear of offending others.Example: Avoiding eye contact to not make others uncomfortable.

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### Front: Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)

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Definition: Chronic, excessive worry.Example: Stressing daily about minor things.

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### Front: Obsessive-compulsive and related disorders

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Definition: Intrusive thoughts + compulsive behaviors.Example: OCD or hoarding.

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### Front: Obsessions

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Definition: Recurrent, unwanted thoughts.Example: Fear of germs contaminating food.

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### Front: Compulsions

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Definition: Repetitive behaviors to reduce anxiety.Example: Washing hands 50x daily.

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### Front: Obsessive-compulsive disorder

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Definition: Obsessions + compulsions.Example: Checking locks 10 times before bed.

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### Front: Hoarding disorder

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Definition: Difficulty discarding items.Example: Home filled with stacks of newspapers.

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### Front: Dissociative disorders

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Definition: Disconnection from thoughts/identity.Example: Dissociative identity disorder (DID).

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### Front: Dissociation

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Definition: Detachment from reality.Example: Feeling "outside your body" during trauma.

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### Front: Dissociative amnesia

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Definition: Memory loss due to trauma.Example: Forgetting an entire abusive childhood.

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### Front: Dissociative identity disorder

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Definition: Multiple distinct identities.Example: A person who switches between "child" and "adult" personas.

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### Front: Trauma and stressor-related disorders

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Definition: Conditions triggered by trauma.Example: PTSD or adjustment disorders.

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### Front: Hypervigilance

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Definition: Excessive alertness for danger.Example: A veteran scanning crowds for threats.

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### Front: Flashbacks

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Definition: Reliving traumatic memories.Example: A rape survivor suddenly smelling the attacker’s cologne.

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### Front: Insomnia

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Definition: Chronic sleep difficulties.Example: Lying awake for hours due to anxiety.

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### Front: Emotional detachment

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Definition: Numbness or avoidance of feelings.Example: A soldier indifferent to a friend’s death.

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### Front: Hostility

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Definition: Aggressive or antagonistic behavior.Example: Yelling at coworkers over minor mistakes.

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### Front: Posttraumatic stress disorder

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Definition: Lingering trauma symptoms.Example: Nightmares after a car crash.

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### Front: Feeding and eating disorders

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Definition: Disordered eating behaviors.Example: Anorexia or bulimia.

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### Front: Anorexia nervosa

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Definition: Self-starvation due to body image distortion.Example: A teen restricting calories to 500/day.

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### Front: Bulimia nervosa

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Definition: Binge-eating + purging.Example: Eating a cake, then vomiting.

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### Front: Personality disorders

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Definition: Inflexible, maladaptive traits.Example: Narcissistic or borderline personality disorder.

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### Front: Cluster A (odd or eccentric cluster)

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Definition: Paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal.Example: A loner who believes in mind-reading.

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### Front: Paranoid personality disorder

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Definition: Pervasive distrust.Example: Accusing a spouse of cheating without evidence.

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### Front: Schizoid personality disorder

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Definition: Detachment from social relationships.Example: Prefers solitary hobbies, no friends.

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### Front: Schizotypal personality disorder

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Definition: Eccentric behavior + magical thinking.

Example: Wearing aluminum foil to block "mind control."

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### Front: Cluster B (dramatic, emotional, or erratic cluster)

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Definition: Antisocial, borderline, histrionic, narcissistic.Example: A manipulative charmer who lacks empathy.

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### Front: Antisocial personality disorder

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Definition: Disregard for others’ rights.Example: A con artist who scams the elderly.

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### Front: Histrionic personality disorder

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Definition: Excessive emotionality + attention-seeking.Example: Dressing provocatively to dominate conversations.

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### Front: Narcissistic personality disorder

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Definition: Grandiosity + lack of empathy.Example: A CEO who fires employees for minor criticism.

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### Front: Borderline personality disorder

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Definition: Unstable relationships + self-image.Example: Cutting after a breakup to "feel alive."

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### Front: Cluster C (anxious or fearful cluster)

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Definition: Avoidant, dependent, obsessive-compulsive.Example: A perfectionist who can’t delegate tasks.

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### Front: Avoidant personality disorder

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Definition: Social inhibition + fear of rejection.Example: Skipping a job interview to avoid judgment.

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### Front: Dependent personality disorder

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Definition: Excessive reliance on others.

Example: Unable to choose clothes without a partner’s input.

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### Front: Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder

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Definition: Preoccupation with order/control.Example: Spending hours reorganizing a sock drawer.

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### Front: Evidence-based interventions

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Definition: Treatments proven effective by research.Example: CBT for depression.---

### Front: Cultural humility

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Definition: Respecting diverse cultural perspectives.Example: A therapist learning about a client’s religious beliefs.

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### Front: Therapeutic alliance

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Definition: Collaborative therapist-client relationship.Example: A patient trusting their therapist’s guidance.

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### Front: Psychotropic medication

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Definition: Drugs altering brain chemistry.Example: Prozac for depression.

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### Front: Nonmaleficence

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Definition: "Do no harm" principle.Example: Avoiding unsafe therapies.

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### Front: Fidelity

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Definition: Keeping promises to clients.Example: A therapist maintaining confidentiality.

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### Front: Integrity

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Definition: Honesty in professional practice.Example: Admitting a treatment mistake.

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### Front: Respect for people’s rights and dignity

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Definition: Valuing client autonomy.Example: Supporting a patient’s decision to refuse medication.

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### Front: Psychodynamic therapies

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Definition: Focus on unconscious conflicts.Example: Exploring childhood trauma in therapy.

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### Front: Free association

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Definition: Saying whatever comes to mind.Example: A patient rambling about dreams.

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### Front: Dream interpretation

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Definition: Analyzing dream symbolism.Example: A therapist linking a dream about falling to career anxiety.

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### Front: Cognitive therapies

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Definition: Changing maladaptive thoughts.Example: Challenging "I’m a failure" beliefs.

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### Front: Cognitive restructuring

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Definition: Replacing negative thoughts.Example: Reframing "I failed" to "I learned."

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### Front: Fear hierarchies

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Definition: Gradual exposure to feared stimuli.Example: A spider phobic first looking at pictures of spiders.

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### Front: Combating maladaptive thinking

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Definition: Identifying cognitive distortions.Example: Noticing "all-or-nothing" thinking.

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### Front: Cognitive triad

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Definition: Negative views of self, world, and future (in depression).Example: "I’m worthless, life is unfair, nothing will improve."

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### Front: Applied behavior analysis

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Definition: Modifying behavior via reinforcement.Example: Rewarding a child for completing homework.

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### Front: Exposure therapies

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Definition: Facing fears in a controlled way.Example: A veteran visiting a war memorial to process trauma.

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### Front: Systematic desensitization

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Definition: Progressive exposure + relaxation.Example: A claustrophobic practicing in an elevator for 10 seconds.

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### Front: Aversion therapies

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Definition: Pairing unwanted behavior with discomfort.Example: Taking a nausea drug when drinking alcohol.

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### Front: Token economies

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Definition: Rewarding desired behaviors with tokens.Example: A psychiatric patient earning TV time for self-care.

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### Front: Biofeedback

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Definition: Using real-time body data to control responses.Example: Watching heart rate drop during deep breathing.

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### Front: Cognitive-behavioral therapies

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Definition: Combines cognitive + behavioral techniques.Example: Journaling thoughts before a panic attack.

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### Front: Dialectical behavior therapy

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Definition: CBT + mindfulness for emotional regulation.Example: A borderline patient learning distress tolerance.

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### Front: Rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT)

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Definition: Challenges irrational beliefs.Example: Disputing "I must be perfect."

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### Front: Person-centered therapy

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Definition: Non-directive, empathetic approach.Example: A therapist reflecting, "You feel lost right now."

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### Front: Active listening

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Definition: Fully engaging with a speaker.Example: Nodding and summarizing a client’s words.

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### Front: Unconditional positive regard

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Definition: Accepting clients without judgment.Example: A therapist supporting a sex offender’s rehabilitation.

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### Front: Group therapy

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Definition: Therapy with multiple participants.Example: AA meetings for alcoholics.

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### Front: Hypnosis

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Definition: Altered state of focused attention.Example: Recalling repressed memories under hypnosis.

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### Front: Psychoactive medication

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Definition: Drugs affecting mental processes.Example: Xanax for anxiety.

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### Front: Antidepressants

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Definition: Medications for depression/anxiety.Example: SSRIs like Prozac.

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### Front: Antianxiety drugs

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Definition: Reduce anxiety symptoms.Example: Benzodiazepines like Valium.

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### Front: Lithium

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Definition: Stabilizes mood in bipolar disorder.Example: Preventing manic episodes.

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### Front: Antipsychotic medications

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Definition: Treat psychosis (e.g., schizophrenia).Example: Risperdal for hallucinations.

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### Front: Tardive dyskinesia

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Definition: Involuntary movements from antipsychotics.Example: Lip smacking or grimacing.

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### Front: Psychosurgery

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Definition: Brain surgery to treat mental illness.Example: Rarely used lobotomies in the 1950s.

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### Front: Lesioning

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Definition: Destroying brain tissue to alter behavior.Example: Cutting neural pathways in severe OCD.

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### Front: TMS (transcranial magnetic stimulation)

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Definition: Magnetic pulses to stimulate brain areas.Example: Treating depression without drugs.

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### Front: Electroconvulsive therapy

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Definition: Controlled seizures for severe depression.Example: Last-resort treatment for catatonia.

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### Front: Lobotomy

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Definition: Disconnecting brain regions (historically).Example: 1940s "ice pick" lobotomies for agitation.