Biology Lab Notes

Unknown

Prokaryotic Domains

  • Eubacteria

  • Archaea

Cyanobacteria

  • Only bacteria that can synthesize because it has chlorophyll

  • Responsible for producing 20% of Earth’s O2

  • Many forms are macro in size (i.e. visible to the naked eye)

Extremophiles

  • Microorganism that is usually an Archaean that live in conditions of extreme temperature, acidity, alkalinity, or chemical concentration

  • Thermoacidophiles: Organisms that can survive in high temperature

Bacteria Shapes

  • Coccus: Spherical or round in shape

  • Bacillus, Bacilli: Rod shaped

  • Spirillum, Spiral: Curved, spiral or twisted

    • This image is gram-negative

Gram-Negative and Gram-Positive

  • Differentiation between the two

    • Gram-staining: Once a gram-stain has been completed you are able to determine if a bacteria is gram-negative or gram-positive depending on the color

      • Gram-positive: Retains the crystal violet dye. Blue or purple

      • Gram-negative: Does not retain the dye. Pink or red

    • Examining Cell Wall Thickness: As stated in the name, you examine the thickness of the cell wall on the bacteria to determine if a bacteria is gram-negative or gram-positive

      • Gram-positive: Thick peptidoglycan layer

      • Gram-negative: Thin peptidoglycan layer

Mitosis Stages

  • Prophase

  • Metaphase

  • Anaphase

  • Telophase

Interphase

  • G1

    • Growth, build up of parts, normal functioning

  • S

    • Synthesis of DNA

  • G2

    • Corrects all mistakes (prevents cancer), make other organelles

Cytokinesis

  • Division of the cytoplasm and occurs at the end of mitosis

Punnett Squares

  • Tool used to predict probability of an offspring inheriting certain traits

Three Domains of Life

  • Eukarya

    • Kingdoms of Eukarya

      • Protista

      • Animalia

      • Plantae

      • Fungi

  • Archaea

  • Bacteria

Protista

Phylum Sarcodina

Phylum Ciliophora

Amoeba

Paramecium

Pseudopodia

Cilia

Phagocytosis

N/A

Phylum Zoomastigina

  • Flagellates



Phylum Pyrrophyta
- Dinoflagellates

Phylum Chrysophyta

  • Diatoms



Phylum Euglenophyta

  • Euglenoids


Phylum Chlorophyta

  • Daughter Colony

Kelp

  • Multicellular Algae


Kingdom Fungi

  • Eukaryotes

    • Have a cell wall, made of chitin

    • Heterotrophs

    • Absorb organic food, saprophytes

  • Mycelium

    • Mycelium is composed of a mass of branching filaments which is called Hyphae
      Fruiting body. has spores

  • Phylum Zygomycota

    • Rhizopus Nigricans is a common black bread mold

  • Phylum Ascomycota

    • Yeast

    • Single Celled

    • Budding

    • Morel

  • Phylum Basidiomycota

    • Earthstar

  • Devil's Cigar (Exclusive to Arlington, Texas and Japan)

  • Polypores (Mushrooms with no gills)

  • Gilled Mushrooms

  • Shelf Fungi (Bark of tree)

  • Puff Balls (Come in many sizes)

  • Phylum Deuteromycota

  • Aspergillus (Farmer's Lung)

  • Penicillin (First antibiotic)

  • Lichens

  • Fungus (Most lichens that are fungus are ascomycetes)

  • Photosynthetic partner (Can't be a plant, can be cyanobacteria/algae)

  • Fungus provides air and water

  • Cyanobacteria gives organic nutrients/carbs

Kingdom Animalia

  • Phylum Porifera

    • Sponges

  • Phylum Cnidaria

    • Radial symmetry

    • Have tissues

  • Phylum Platyhelminthes

    • All are hermaphrodites

    • Planaria

    • Taenia Pisiformis (Tape Worms)

  • Phylum Nematoda

    • Ascaris Lumbricoides

      • Be able to differentiate between male and female

      • Females: Longer and do not have a hook

      • Males: Smaller and have a hook

  • Phylum Annelida

    • Class Polychaeta

      • Marine bristle worms and sandworms

    • Class Hirudinea

      • Leeches

    • Class Oligochaeta

      • Earthworms

- Hydra Plain and Budding


Phylum Arthropoda

  • Size limited

  • Heavy exoskeleton

  • Chitin (Polysaccharide)

  • Molting to shed outer skeleton

    • Subphylum Trilobita:

      • No living representatives

    • Subphylum Chelicerata

      • Class Merostomata: horseshoe crabs Class Arachnida: spiders, mites, ticks, scorpions, harvestmen, and daddy longlegs

    • Subphylum Mandibulata

      • Class Crustacea: lobsters, crabs, crayfish, and shrimp

      • Class Insecta: butterflies, bees, beetles, mosquitos, etc.

      • Class Chilopoda: centipedes

      • Class Diplopoda: millipedes

Phylum Mollusca

  • Class Bivalvia: Clams, oysters, mussels, scallops, etc.

  • Class Gastropoda: Snails and slugs

  • Class Cephalopoda: Octopuses, and Squid

Phylum Chordata

  • Is the most advanced phylum

  • 3 main characteristics

    • Notochord

      • Cartilaginous rod typically on the dorsum

    • Hollow nerve tube

    • Pharyngeal gill slits

  • Subphylum Urochordata

  • Subphylum Cephalochordata

    • Class Cephalaspidomorphi: jawless fish

  • Subphylum Vertebrata.

    • Class Chondrichthyes

    • Class Osteichthyes: bony fish

    • Class Amphibia: salamanders, frogs, toads

Phylum Echinodermata

  • , sea star

  • May have asexual reproduction