Med term

Condition related

Osteoclast

The only cells with bone resorption maintains the balance of bone metabolism by cooperating with osteoblasts. Excessive activity causes osteoporosis, periprosthetic, osteolysis, bone tumors, and Paget’s disease.

Bone marrow

Spongy tissue inside some of the bones, such as hip and thigh bones. Multiple myeloma- body produces cancerous plasma cells in your bone marrow. BMF (Bone marrow failure)- When your bone marrow doesn’t make enough platelets, red blood cells, or white blood cells.  

Articular cartilage

Type of specialized connective tissue present in synovial joints. It provides an optimal surface for enabling movement in the joint. Mostly occur in the knee,

DJD

Degenerative joint disease or osteoarthritis, most common type of arthritis, more common in older people. Causes wear and tear, obesity, joint malalignment.

Autonomic nervous system

A disease condition in which the nerves of the autonomic nervous system are damaged. This affects the heart function, blood pressure, bladder function, and digestion.  Automatic neuropathy occurs when there is damage to the nerves that control automatic body functions.

Rheumatoid Arthritis

A chronic inflammatory disease that affects the joints, This results in painful joints, swelling and stiffness in the joints. People who have RA have a higber risk of developing high blood pressure.

Bone depressions

MDD- major depressive disorder is a risk factor for osteoporosis. Increases inflammation in the body, which is associated with the breakdown of osteoclasts

Flat, long, short, bones

FLAT- Thin, flattened, and slightly curved. Protect internal orgnas or provide a connection point for muscles. Ex: skull, rib bones, shoulder blades, sternum, and bones of the pelvis.

LONG- tough dense bone with an elongated shape. Present in legs and arms, or fingers and toes

SHORT- one that is cube – like in shape, being approximately equal in length, width, and thickness. Ex: tarsal, carpal bones.

Pelvis bones

Area of your body below your abdomen that’s located between your hip bones. Pelvic fractures, osteitis pubis- inflammation of the pubic symphysis

Fascia

A layer of connective tissue below the skin that supports tissues and organs, lessens friction, eases muscle tension, tightens up reflexively and helps bloodstream. Holds every organ, blood vessel, bone, nerve fiber and muscle in place.

Porosis, trophy (suffixes)

Porosis- lessening in density, trophy- nutrition/nourishment

Acetabulum

Part of the hip joint, which is a large, weight-bearing joint that connects the pelvis to the lower limb. Ball and socket joint that sits with the femur

Tubercle

A small rounded point of a bone

Open and closed fractures

Open Fractures-  a fracture with an open wound near the broken bone

Close Fractures- broken bone with the skin still intact

Controlled vs. non controlled muscles

Controlled- voluntary, skeletal muscles of the body that attach to bones and control movement of the limbs, head, neck, and body under conscious control.

Non-Controlled- Involuntary muscles, muscles that are not under conscious control. Their contraction and regulation are regulated by the automatic nervous system.

Pubic symphysis

A secondary cartilaginous joint located between the left and right pubic bones. Designed to withstand tension and compressive forces

Straited vs. visceral muscles

Straited- type of muscle that have a stripped appearance due to their light and dark bands which appear in an alternative fashion. (skeletal muscles, cardiac muscle). They can contract and relax independently.

Visceral- muscle tissue that are found inside organs, they help contract the organs to move substances through them, cannot be controlled consciously.

Ilium

Part of hip bone, largely immobile and uppermost bone of the hip. Essential part of the pelvic girdle.

SLE

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus- most common type of lupus, an autoimmune disease in which the immune system attacks its own tissues, causing widespread inflammation and tissue damage in the affected organs.

Tendon ligament

Tendon- the tissue that connects muscle to bone and transmits the force of muscle contraction.

Ligament- tough, fibrous band of connective tissue that serves to support the internal organs and hold bones together in proper articulation at the joints. Connects bone to bone.

Callcellous bone

Encloses numerous large spaces, also called spongy bone. Provide strength and support to the overlying bony cortex whilst minimizing weight

Compact bone

Type of of dense bone that forms 80 percent of the human skeleton. Forms the hard outer shell of most bones.

Pronation, supine, etc.

Pronation- the natural side-to-side movement of the foot during wakling and running or face down laying down.

Supine- lying on the back, inactive

Coccyx

Referred to as the tailbone, most distal portion of the spine, supports your weight and balance when you sit

Sacrum

A single bone located at the base of your spine, helps support your body when you sit or stand

Herniated disc

A condition which results from rupture of the disc between the bones of the spine and the soft inner portion of the disc protrudes outside through the hard outer ring. This causes pain when a nerve is compressed

Spondylosis

An age-related condition where the joints and cartilage lined discs of the neck are affected. A small crack between two vertebrae, causes lower back pain

Tibia , fibula

Tibia- shinbone, the larger and stronger of the two bones in the leg below the knee and it connects the knee with the ankle bone

Fibula- Calf bone, locate don the lateral side of the tibia, and connects to it above and below

Patella

Knee cap, thick circular-triangular bone which articulates with the femur

Myositis

Inflammation of the muscles that are used to move the body. Causes due to infection, injury, or autoimmune disease, symptoms include- muscle weakness, joint or muscle pain, fatigue or swelling

Myelitis

Inflammation of the spinal chord, part of the nervous system which send messages from brain to the nerves and also the sensory information back to the brain

Gout

A type of arthritis that causes inflammation of joints due to excess uric acid. Usually the big toe, causes sudden recurrent attacks of symptoms that often occur without warning.

Podagra

A manifestation of gout, in which uric acid crystallizes and settles in one or more joints, “foot trap”

Dorsiflexion

Movement of the foot upwards, so foot is closer to the shin

Prefixes – move away, move towards

Ab- move away, ad- move towards

Heel bone

 Calcaneus- largest bone in the foot, supports the weight of the body while standing

Procedures

Dual energy x-ray absorptiometry

DEXA- is a means of measuring bone mineral density using spectral imaging.

Arthrography

Type of imaging test used to look at a joint, such as the shoulder, knee, or hip. It is used when standard X-rays do not show the needed details of the joint structure and function.

Discography

An imaging test used to evaluate back pain, might help the doctor determine if a specific abnormal disk in your spine is causing your back pain

Laminectomy

Surgical procedure to remove part/all of lamina to relieve pressure, or to remove one or more vertebrae, giving access to the spinal cord.

Serum calcium test

A blood test that measures the amount of calcium in your blood. The test is usually ordered as part of a routine metabolic panel.

Arthrocentesis

A procedure done to remove the synovial fluid accumulated around the joints, using a needle and a syringe.

Bone scan

An imaging test of skeletal system used to diagnose metabolic problems of the bones using X-rays, can diagnose arthritis, osteonecrosis, bone tumors, etc.

Electromyography

A test to evaluate the response of muscle against nerve stimulation