General Biology II: Focus on plant and animal organ systems with an emphasis on reproduction, development, and nutrition.
Instructor: Sherwin M. Bernabe.
Objective: Compare and contrast reproduction, development, nutrition, gas exchange, circulation, fluid regulation, chemical and nervous control, immune systems, sensory and motor mechanisms in plants and animals.
Overview of the reproductive processes in plants and animals.
Involves sexual and asexual modes, crucial for agriculture.
Life cycle includes alternation of generations: sporophyte (2n) produces haploid spores (n) that develop into gametophytes, leading to fertilization and new sporophytes.
Flowers consist of four whorls of modified leaves (floral organs).
They are determinate shoots, ending growth after fruit formation.
Structure: Sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels/pistils attached to the receptacle.
Functions: Sepals protect flower buds; petals attract pollinators; stamens produce pollen; carpels contain ovules for reproduction.
Complete Flower: Contains all four floral parts: sepals, petals, stamens, carpels.
Incomplete Flower: Missing one or more floral parts.
Perfect Flower: Contains both male and female structures (e.g., roses).
Imperfect Flower: Lacks one sex; examples include male (staminate) and female (carpellate) flowers like squashes and corn.
Sporangia: Produce spores.
Pollen Grains: Male gametophytes from anthers.
Pollination: Transfer of pollen to stigma; fertilization leads to seed formation and fruit development.
Seed Dispersal: Mechanisms include wind, gravity, and animals.
Pollination involves transferring pollen grains from stamen to stigma; can occur via wind, water, animals.
Wind Pollination: Pollen scattered by wind.
Insect Pollination: Insects transfer pollen.
Self-Pollination: Pollen transfers within the same flower.
Cross-Pollination: Pollen transfers between different plants.
Artificial Pollination: Manual transfer of pollen.
Involves two sperm cells: one fertilizes the egg, forming a zygote; the other fuses with the central cell, forming a triploid endosperm.
Development of the zygote into a proembryo and seed; the cotyledons develop to store nutrients.
The ovary develops into a fruit post-fertilization; aids in seed dispersal.
Simple Fruit: Develops from a single carpel; Aggregate Fruit: From multiple carpels; Multiple Fruit: From a cluster of flowers.
Asexual Reproduction: Involves one parent; offspring are genetically identical.
Sexual Reproduction: Fusion of gametes from two parents increases genetic variability.
Includes binary fission, fragmentation, regeneration, vegetative propagation, sporulation, and parthenogenesis.
Overview of sexual reproduction and the importance of safe practices; common STDs include syphilis, HPV, and HIV.
Examines statistics on teen pregnancy and its impact on education and life outcomes.
Trends show increasing premarital sex; teenage pregnancy rates vary by region and income.
Overview of female reproductive anatomy, including the ovaries, uterus, and vagina.
Description of the testis, ducts, and glands involved in sperm production and ejaculation.
Discusses vasocongestion and increased muscle tension during sexual arousal.
Outlines the excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution phases of the sexual response cycle.
Various types of contraceptives: barrier, hormonal, surgical; abstinence is emphasized as 100% effective.
Differences in nutritional processes; plants synthesize energy through photosynthesis, while animals rely on dietary intake of macronutrients and micronutrients.
Distinction between autotrophs and heterotrophs; essential for health and growth.
Macronutrients are needed in large amounts; micronutrients are needed in trace amounts but are vital for plant health.
Role of root hairs, nodules, and mycorrhizae in enhancing nutrient uptake; symbiotic relationships aid in nutrient absorption.
Parasitic plants obtain nutrients from hosts; highlights the importance of symbiotic relationships in nutrient availability and absorption.
General Biology 2 Module 1
General Biology II: Focus on plant and animal organ systems with an emphasis on reproduction, development, and nutrition.
Instructor: Sherwin M. Bernabe.
Objective: Compare and contrast reproduction, development, nutrition, gas exchange, circulation, fluid regulation, chemical and nervous control, immune systems, sensory and motor mechanisms in plants and animals.
Overview of the reproductive processes in plants and animals.
Involves sexual and asexual modes, crucial for agriculture.
Life cycle includes alternation of generations: sporophyte (2n) produces haploid spores (n) that develop into gametophytes, leading to fertilization and new sporophytes.
Flowers consist of four whorls of modified leaves (floral organs).
They are determinate shoots, ending growth after fruit formation.
Structure: Sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels/pistils attached to the receptacle.
Functions: Sepals protect flower buds; petals attract pollinators; stamens produce pollen; carpels contain ovules for reproduction.
Complete Flower: Contains all four floral parts: sepals, petals, stamens, carpels.
Incomplete Flower: Missing one or more floral parts.
Perfect Flower: Contains both male and female structures (e.g., roses).
Imperfect Flower: Lacks one sex; examples include male (staminate) and female (carpellate) flowers like squashes and corn.
Sporangia: Produce spores.
Pollen Grains: Male gametophytes from anthers.
Pollination: Transfer of pollen to stigma; fertilization leads to seed formation and fruit development.
Seed Dispersal: Mechanisms include wind, gravity, and animals.
Pollination involves transferring pollen grains from stamen to stigma; can occur via wind, water, animals.
Wind Pollination: Pollen scattered by wind.
Insect Pollination: Insects transfer pollen.
Self-Pollination: Pollen transfers within the same flower.
Cross-Pollination: Pollen transfers between different plants.
Artificial Pollination: Manual transfer of pollen.
Involves two sperm cells: one fertilizes the egg, forming a zygote; the other fuses with the central cell, forming a triploid endosperm.
Development of the zygote into a proembryo and seed; the cotyledons develop to store nutrients.
The ovary develops into a fruit post-fertilization; aids in seed dispersal.
Simple Fruit: Develops from a single carpel; Aggregate Fruit: From multiple carpels; Multiple Fruit: From a cluster of flowers.
Asexual Reproduction: Involves one parent; offspring are genetically identical.
Sexual Reproduction: Fusion of gametes from two parents increases genetic variability.
Includes binary fission, fragmentation, regeneration, vegetative propagation, sporulation, and parthenogenesis.
Overview of sexual reproduction and the importance of safe practices; common STDs include syphilis, HPV, and HIV.
Examines statistics on teen pregnancy and its impact on education and life outcomes.
Trends show increasing premarital sex; teenage pregnancy rates vary by region and income.
Overview of female reproductive anatomy, including the ovaries, uterus, and vagina.
Description of the testis, ducts, and glands involved in sperm production and ejaculation.
Discusses vasocongestion and increased muscle tension during sexual arousal.
Outlines the excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution phases of the sexual response cycle.
Various types of contraceptives: barrier, hormonal, surgical; abstinence is emphasized as 100% effective.
Differences in nutritional processes; plants synthesize energy through photosynthesis, while animals rely on dietary intake of macronutrients and micronutrients.
Distinction between autotrophs and heterotrophs; essential for health and growth.
Macronutrients are needed in large amounts; micronutrients are needed in trace amounts but are vital for plant health.
Role of root hairs, nodules, and mycorrhizae in enhancing nutrient uptake; symbiotic relationships aid in nutrient absorption.
Parasitic plants obtain nutrients from hosts; highlights the importance of symbiotic relationships in nutrient availability and absorption.