General Biology 2 Module 1

Page 1: Course Overview

• General Biology II: Focus on plant and animal organ systems with an emphasis on reproduction, development, and nutrition.

• Instructor: Sherwin M. Bernabe.

Page 2: Learning Competency

• Objective: Compare and contrast reproduction, development, nutrition, gas exchange, circulation, fluid regulation, chemical and nervous control, immune systems, sensory and motor mechanisms in plants and animals.

Page 3: Reproduction in Plants and Animals

• Overview of the reproductive processes in plants and animals.

Page 4: Plant Reproduction

• Involves sexual and asexual modes, crucial for agriculture.

• Life cycle includes alternation of generations: sporophyte (2n) produces haploid spores (n) that develop into gametophytes, leading to fertilization and new sporophytes.

Page 5: Flower Structure

• Flowers consist of four whorls of modified leaves (floral organs).

• They are determinate shoots, ending growth after fruit formation.

Page 6: Floral Organs

• Structure: Sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels/pistils attached to the receptacle.

• Functions: Sepals protect flower buds; petals attract pollinators; stamens produce pollen; carpels contain ovules for reproduction.

Page 7: Flower Types

• Complete Flower: Contains all four floral parts: sepals, petals, stamens, carpels.

• Incomplete Flower: Missing one or more floral parts.

Page 8: Reproductive Flower Types

• Perfect Flower: Contains both male and female structures (e.g., roses).

• Imperfect Flower: Lacks one sex; examples include male (staminate) and female (carpellate) flowers like squashes and corn.

Page 9: Gametophyte Development and Pollination

• Sporangia: Produce spores.

• Pollen Grains: Male gametophytes from anthers.

• Pollination: Transfer of pollen to stigma; fertilization leads to seed formation and fruit development.

• Seed Dispersal: Mechanisms include wind, gravity, and animals.

Page 10: Pollination Process

• Pollination involves transferring pollen grains from stamen to stigma; can occur via wind, water, animals.

Page 11: Types of Pollination

• Wind Pollination: Pollen scattered by wind.

• Insect Pollination: Insects transfer pollen.

• Self-Pollination: Pollen transfers within the same flower.

• Cross-Pollination: Pollen transfers between different plants.

• Artificial Pollination: Manual transfer of pollen.

Page 12: Double Fertilization

• Involves two sperm cells: one fertilizes the egg, forming a zygote; the other fuses with the central cell, forming a triploid endosperm.

Page 13: From Ovule to Seed

• Development of the zygote into a proembryo and seed; the cotyledons develop to store nutrients.

Page 14: From Ovary to Fruit

• The ovary develops into a fruit post-fertilization; aids in seed dispersal.

Page 15: Types of Fruits

• Simple Fruit: Develops from a single carpel; Aggregate Fruit: From multiple carpels; Multiple Fruit: From a cluster of flowers.

Page 16: Animal Reproduction

• Asexual Reproduction: Involves one parent; offspring are genetically identical.

• Sexual Reproduction: Fusion of gametes from two parents increases genetic variability.

Page 17: Mechanisms of Asexual Reproduction

• Includes binary fission, fragmentation, regeneration, vegetative propagation, sporulation, and parthenogenesis.

Page 18: Human Reproduction and STDs

• Overview of sexual reproduction and the importance of safe practices; common STDs include syphilis, HPV, and HIV.

Page 19: Consequences of Premarital Sex

• Examines statistics on teen pregnancy and its impact on education and life outcomes.

Page 20: Early Pregnancy in the Philippines

• Trends show increasing premarital sex; teenage pregnancy rates vary by region and income.

Page 21: Human Reproductive Systems

• Overview of female reproductive anatomy, including the ovaries, uterus, and vagina.

Page 22: Male Reproductive Anatomy

• Description of the testis, ducts, and glands involved in sperm production and ejaculation.

Page 23: Physiological Reactions in Human Sexual Response

• Discusses vasocongestion and increased muscle tension during sexual arousal.

Page 24: Human Sexual Response Phases

• Outlines the excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution phases of the sexual response cycle.

Page 25: Contraceptive Methods

• Various types of contraceptives: barrier, hormonal, surgical; abstinence is emphasized as 100% effective.

Page 26: Plant and Animal Nutrition

• Differences in nutritional processes; plants synthesize energy through photosynthesis, while animals rely on dietary intake of macronutrients and micronutrients.

Page 27: Plant Nutrients

• Distinction between autotrophs and heterotrophs; essential for health and growth.

Page 28: Macronutrients and Micronutrients

• Macronutrients are needed in large amounts; micronutrients are needed in trace amounts but are vital for plant health.

Page 29: Specialized Structures for Absorption

• Role of root hairs, nodules, and mycorrhizae in enhancing nutrient uptake; symbiotic relationships aid in nutrient absorption.

Page 30: Nutritional Adaptations of Plants

• Parasitic plants obtain nutrients from hosts; highlights the importance of symbiotic relationships in nutrient availability and absorption.