General Biology 2 Module 1
Page 1: Course Overview
General Biology II: Focus on plant and animal organ systems with an emphasis on reproduction, development, and nutrition.
Instructor: Sherwin M. Bernabe.
Page 2: Learning Competency
Objective: Compare and contrast reproduction, development, nutrition, gas exchange, circulation, fluid regulation, chemical and nervous control, immune systems, sensory and motor mechanisms in plants and animals.
Page 3: Reproduction in Plants and Animals
Overview of the reproductive processes in plants and animals.
Page 4: Plant Reproduction
Involves sexual and asexual modes, crucial for agriculture.
Life cycle includes alternation of generations: sporophyte (2n) produces haploid spores (n) that develop into gametophytes, leading to fertilization and new sporophytes.
Page 5: Flower Structure
Flowers consist of four whorls of modified leaves (floral organs).
They are determinate shoots, ending growth after fruit formation.
Page 6: Floral Organs
Structure: Sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels/pistils attached to the receptacle.
Functions: Sepals protect flower buds; petals attract pollinators; stamens produce pollen; carpels contain ovules for reproduction.
Page 7: Flower Types
Complete Flower: Contains all four floral parts: sepals, petals, stamens, carpels.
Incomplete Flower: Missing one or more floral parts.
Page 8: Reproductive Flower Types
Perfect Flower: Contains both male and female structures (e.g., roses).
Imperfect Flower: Lacks one sex; examples include male (staminate) and female (carpellate) flowers like squashes and corn.
Page 9: Gametophyte Development and Pollination
Sporangia: Produce spores.
Pollen Grains: Male gametophytes from anthers.
Pollination: Transfer of pollen to stigma; fertilization leads to seed formation and fruit development.
Seed Dispersal: Mechanisms include wind, gravity, and animals.
Page 10: Pollination Process
Pollination involves transferring pollen grains from stamen to stigma; can occur via wind, water, animals.
Page 11: Types of Pollination
Wind Pollination: Pollen scattered by wind.
Insect Pollination: Insects transfer pollen.
Self-Pollination: Pollen transfers within the same flower.
Cross-Pollination: Pollen transfers between different plants.
Artificial Pollination: Manual transfer of pollen.
Page 12: Double Fertilization
Involves two sperm cells: one fertilizes the egg, forming a zygote; the other fuses with the central cell, forming a triploid endosperm.
Page 13: From Ovule to Seed
Development of the zygote into a proembryo and seed; the cotyledons develop to store nutrients.
Page 14: From Ovary to Fruit
The ovary develops into a fruit post-fertilization; aids in seed dispersal.
Page 15: Types of Fruits
Simple Fruit: Develops from a single carpel; Aggregate Fruit: From multiple carpels; Multiple Fruit: From a cluster of flowers.
Page 16: Animal Reproduction
Asexual Reproduction: Involves one parent; offspring are genetically identical.
Sexual Reproduction: Fusion of gametes from two parents increases genetic variability.
Page 17: Mechanisms of Asexual Reproduction
Includes binary fission, fragmentation, regeneration, vegetative propagation, sporulation, and parthenogenesis.
Page 18: Human Reproduction and STDs
Overview of sexual reproduction and the importance of safe practices; common STDs include syphilis, HPV, and HIV.
Page 19: Consequences of Premarital Sex
Examines statistics on teen pregnancy and its impact on education and life outcomes.
Page 20: Early Pregnancy in the Philippines
Trends show increasing premarital sex; teenage pregnancy rates vary by region and income.
Page 21: Human Reproductive Systems
Overview of female reproductive anatomy, including the ovaries, uterus, and vagina.
Page 22: Male Reproductive Anatomy
Description of the testis, ducts, and glands involved in sperm production and ejaculation.
Page 23: Physiological Reactions in Human Sexual Response
Discusses vasocongestion and increased muscle tension during sexual arousal.
Page 24: Human Sexual Response Phases
Outlines the excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution phases of the sexual response cycle.
Page 25: Contraceptive Methods
Various types of contraceptives: barrier, hormonal, surgical; abstinence is emphasized as 100% effective.
Page 26: Plant and Animal Nutrition
Differences in nutritional processes; plants synthesize energy through photosynthesis, while animals rely on dietary intake of macronutrients and micronutrients.
Page 27: Plant Nutrients
Distinction between autotrophs and heterotrophs; essential for health and growth.
Page 28: Macronutrients and Micronutrients
Macronutrients are needed in large amounts; micronutrients are needed in trace amounts but are vital for plant health.
Page 29: Specialized Structures for Absorption
Role of root hairs, nodules, and mycorrhizae in enhancing nutrient uptake; symbiotic relationships aid in nutrient absorption.
Page 30: Nutritional Adaptations of Plants
Parasitic plants obtain nutrients from hosts; highlights the importance of symbiotic relationships in nutrient availability and absorption.