1995-2001

  • Suez Canal Crisis - Leaster B. Pearson, UN peacekeeping: During the 1960s under prime Minister Leaster B. Pearson (peacekeeping prime minister) canada restricted its military 

  • The navy, armey, and air force were all combined into one defense force under a central command

  • The 1956 Suez Crisis, triggered by Egypt's nationalization of the Suez Canal, saw conflict between Egypt and Western powers. Lester B. Pearson, Canada's foreign minister, proposed the creation of a United Nations Peacekeeping Force to resolve the crisis peacefully. This innovative idea earned Pearson the 1957 Nobel Peace Prize and established Canada as a leader in peacekeeping efforts

  • Cold War: 

  • Gouzenko Affair: In 1945, Igor Gouzenko, a Soviet cipher clerk in Ottawa, defected and revealed Soviet espionage activities in Canada and abroad, marking the start of the Cold War and raising fears of communist infiltration.

  • Propaganda: Both sides of the Cold War used propaganda to influence public opinion and promote their ideologies, with Canada focusing on countering communist narratives.

  • Avro Arrow: The Avro CF-105 Arrow was a highly advanced Canadian fighter jet developed during the Cold War but controversially canceled in 1959

  • Estimated cost was $2 million per plane, but actual cost was $12.5 million.

  • Project was cancelled without US buyers due to US technology, called Bomarc Missiles, Soviet Union's first ICBM launch rendered Avro Arrow useless due to potential nuclear attacks. 

  • Canada peacekeeping, taliban: Canada has participated in more peacekeeping missions than any other nation, After 9/11 canadian armed forces took part in NATO led invasion in Afghanistan, This was the last war Canada fought in 2014

  • October crisis: Terrorist group in Quebec (radical group that wanted to be separate from Quebec)

  • FLO kidnapped James cross and Pierre Laporte 

  • Made 7 demands including releasing ALL FLQ prisoners who were jailed (for terrism) 

  • Pierre Laporte was killed and james found 2 months later

  • To end violence Pierre used war measures act. Moved 10,000 soldiers into Ouebec giving special emergency powers to arrest anyone suspected of FLQ without evidence or charges

  • Nato: Canada was a founding member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in 1949, committing to collective defense during the Cold War

  • Meech lake accord: The 1987 Meech Lake Accord aimed to bring Quebec into the constitutional fold by recognizing it as a "distinct society." It failed in 1990 due to disagreements among provinces and Indigenous leaders (Elijah Harper), leading to political tensions

  • Charlotte Accord: Tired again to reform constitution, National conferences were set up including Indigenous and Quebec (in Charlotte Town) 

  • Made Quebec distinct society and allowed Indigenous to self-govern bc of first nations objections, but still not enough for Quebec saying they didn’t have enough power therefore not signing

Funding for Indigenous Education: comes from the federal government