Anatomy:

Science of the structure of an organism and relationship of its parts

• Structures often are designed to perform specific functions

Physiology:

Science of the Function of an organism and the relationship of its parts

• Damage/change to the structure can impact the function

Levels of Organization

• Cells come together to form a tissue

• organs are made up of different tissues

Homeostasis:

• The ability to maintain or restore an environment at a certain level, the general area where we want to be in for our health, homeostasis keeps this.

• Feedback control loops maintain homeostasis

Components:

Eg. Temperature feedback loop

Stimuli: any factor which causes change from normal, eg. temp decreases

Sensor mechanism: specific sensors detect and react to any changes from normal, eg. temp receptors in the skin to nerve fibers

Integrating or control center: information analyzed and integrated, if needed specific action is initiated, eg. brain

Effector Mechanism: effectors influence controlled physiological variables, what ultimately causes a change, eg. motor neurons to start shivering

Feedback: process of information constantly flowing from sensor to the integrator

Flow: variable→ sensor→ integrator→ effector→ homeostasis

Feedback Loops

Negative:

• Overall effect→ inhibitory to stabilize physiological variables(inhibiting the cold temp by shivering)

• Action→ Produces effect opposite to change

• Purpose→ maintain homeostasis

• Frequency→ more common than positive

Positive:

• Overall effect→ stimulatory, amplify the change that is occurring(increasing hormone levels during pregnancy and contractions, forming blood clots after getting a cut to not lose blood)

• Action→ tend to produce destabilizing effects, disrupts homeostasis

• Purpose→ bring specific body functions to swift completion

• Frequency→ only these two

Levels of homeostasis in the body

Intracellular control

• Within cells, genes and enzymes regulate cell processes

Intrinsic Control

• Regulation within tissues or organs

• Can involve chemical signals or built in mechanisms

Extrinsic Control

• Regulation from organ to organ

• May involve nerve signals, endocrine signals(hormones)

Anatomical Position

Body→ erect

Arms→ at sides

Palms→ facing forward

Head and feet→ pointing forward

Bilateral symmetry→ mirror images

Ipsilateral structures→ same side

Contralateral structures→ opposite side

Body Cavity

Abdominopelvic cavity(both pelvic and abdominal together)

Pleural cavity refer to right and left lung

Mediastinum in the middle between lung, houses heart and other structures

Abdominal Quadrants

anatomical left and right is when your left and right flipped

Directional terms

Superior and Inferior: above and below

Medial and lateral: closer to the midline and further from midline

Anterior and posterior: front and back

Proximal and distal: closer and farther

Superficial and deep: on the surface and deep within the body skin has superficial and deeper layers

Ventral and dorsal: often used with anterior and posterior

Afferent and efferent: carrying towards center and carrying away from center

Frontal Plane: runs lengthwise, side to side, divides body into anterior and posterior(front and back)

Sagittal plane: runs through middle from front to back, divides body into left and right

Transverse: runs crosswise, divides body into upper and lower parts