Study Notes on Brain Chemistry and Neurotransmitters

Importance of Brain Chemistry

• Sudden noises trigger complex emotional responses governed by brain chemistry.

• Mood, ideas, and impulses are influenced by biological conditions.

Neurons

• Neurons are the basic building blocks of the nervous system.

• Comprised of three main parts:

  • Soma: Cell body, supports neuron functions (nucleus, DNA, etc.).

  • Dendrites: Receive messages from other cells.

  • Axon: Transmits electrical impulses; can be myelinated for faster transmission.

Synapses and Neurotransmitters

• Synapses are contact points between neurons where signals pass.

• Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that relay signals across the synaptic gap.

• Reuptake is the process of neurotransmitters being reabsorbed after transmitting signals.

Types of Neurotransmitters

• Excitatory Neurotransmitters: Increase neuron firing chances (e.g., Norepinephrine, Glutamate).

• Inhibitory Neurotransmitters: Decrease firing likelihood (e.g., GABA, Serotonin).

• Acetylcholine and Dopamine: Can function as both excitatory and inhibitory.

Endocrine System

• Hormones are slower than neurotransmitters and affect mood, growth, and metabolism.

• Major glands include:

  • Adrenal Glands: Secrete adrenaline for fight-or-flight response.

  • Pancreas: Regulates blood sugar with insulin and glucagon.

  • Pituitary Gland: Master gland, regulates other endocrine glands; secretes growth hormones and oxytocin.

Brain Functions and Feedback Loops

• The nervous and endocrine systems interact in a feedback loop.

• Sensory input triggers brain responses which then govern hormonal release, affecting emotional and physical reactions.