Orthopedics: Branch of medicine that studies prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of musculoskeletal disorders

*Specialist = orthopedist

Doctor of Osteopathy (DO) - Education emphasize whole person, and connection between musculoskeletal systems and disease and symptoms

Osteoarthritis - most common type: Degenerative Joint disease (DJD)

Rheumatoid Arthritis - autoimmune type which results in deformities due to destroyed tissue in the joints

Crepitation - rubbing, grating, or crackling sound; when joints rub together

Osteoporosis - metabolic bone disorder; loss of calcium/bone tissue; leads to porous, brittle bone; fractures easily; common in post menopausal women

*When symptoms get worse from osteoporosis it’s called exacerbation

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS) - median nerve is compressed due to inflammation from repeated stress

Ganglion cyst - cyst developing along joints when synovial fluid leaks out

Herniated Disk (HNP) - intervertebral disks have a center called nucleus pulpous.

*when the nucleus pulpous ruptures and leaks out compressing a nerve root, can cause pain numbness or tingling in extremities

Oncology: Primary and Secondary Cancers

• Primary can metastasize and become secondary

Sarcomas - “flesh” malignancies that arise from bone, fat, muscle, cartilage, bone marrow and lymphatic cells.

• Fibrosarcoma - develops in cartilage

• Ewing Sarcoma - develops from nerve tissue in bone marrow

  • Affects diaphysis

• Osteosarcoma - develops from bone tissue

Osteomyelitis - acute or chronic infection of the bone-forming tissue

• Sequestrectomy - removal of necrotizing tissue

Spinal Curvatures

• Scoliosis “abnormal condition”

  • crooked

  • lateral curvature

• Kyphosis

  • humpback

  • exaggerated thoracic curvature

• Lordosis

  • swayback/curve

    exaggerated lumbar curvature

Ankylosis – condition of being bent/crooked; Stiffening and immobility of joints

Muscular Dystrophy

• Inherited disease that

  causes progressive loss

  of muscle mass and

  weakness

• “progressive disease”

  walking, eating,

  breathing become

  labored or impossible

  over time

Procedures

• Total Hip Replacement (THR)

  • Replacement of hip joint

• Amputation

  • Partial or complete removal of an extremity

  • result of trauma or disease (can cause phantom limb pain)

• Bone grafting – transplantation of bone tissue

• Laminectomy

  • Excision of the posterior arch of a vertebra

  • Can be needed due to HNP

• Myelography

  • Radiography of the spinal cord after injection of a contrast medium

  • Can identify spinal distortions caused by disease or trauma

Tendons - bone to muscle

Ligament - bone to bone