Nature and Nurture Influence on Human Development

Nature and Nurture in Human Development

• Definitions:

  • Nature: Refers to biological inheritance, especially genes.
  • Nurture: Refers to environmental and social experiences that influence development.

• Research Methods:

  • Twin Studies:
  • Identical twins share the same genotype, while fraternal twins share about 50% of their genes.
  • Similarities in traits among twins can indicate the influence of nature (biological) or nurture (environment).
  • Adoption Studies:
  • Similarities with biological family members provide insight into the role of nature, while similarities with adoptive family members support the influence of nurture.

• Genotype vs. Phenotype:

  • Genotype: An individual’s genetic heritage (actual genetic material).
  • Phenotype: Observable characteristics of a person that are influenced by both genetic and environmental factors.
  • Example: A recessive gene may not manifest in the phenotype if paired with a dominant gene.

• Influence of Experience on Development:

  • Environmental factors can directly and indirectly affect development.
  • Example: Phenylketonuria (PKU):
  • Caused by two recessive genes leading to brain damage if untreated by diet.
  • Demonstrates that dietary management can prevent phenotype expression linked to the genotype.

• Environmental Influence on Genetic Expression:

  • Environment can alter phenotypic expression and developmental outcomes.
  • Illustration: Nutrition's role in achieving growth potential.

• Development as a Product of Interaction:

  • An individual is the result of both genetic and environmental experiences.
  • Development emerges from the complex interplay between nature and nurture.

• Developmental Systems Perspective:

  • Emphasizes that development is influenced by genetic, biological, psychological, and social factors.
  • Recognizes that developmental change is continuous.

• Urie Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Systems Theory (1977):

  • Highlights layers of environmental influences on individual development.
  • Factors include family, school, neighbourhood, and broader cultural contexts.
  • Suggests that persistent poverty can lead to long-term developmental issues.

• Importance of Socioeconomic Context:

  • Poorer families may share similar hopes and dreams for their children as wealthier families but lack resources to provide equal opportunities.
  • Targeting poverty is crucial for preventing developmental issues.

• Role of the Individual in Development:

  • Individuals actively participate in shaping their own development despite their genetic and environmental background.
  • The concept of seeking optimal experiences refers to individuals striving for personal growth beyond what they are given.
  • Examples of individuals overcoming hardship to achieve meaningful lives (e.g., Martin Luther King, Jr., Oprah Winfrey).

• Life Themes:

  • Individuals develop life themes involving activities, social relationships, and goals, contributing to their unique path in development.