RW PATTERNS OF DEVELOPMENT • Patterns of Development - logical ways to organize an entire text or individual paragraphs and sections of a text.

• Definition – is a paragraph or essay explains what something is in comparison to other member of its class, along with any limitations. • Description – gives information of what a person, an object, a place, or a situation is like. It appeals to the reader’s senses; it makes the reader see, hear, taste, smell, or feel the subject. Exemplification - the pattern of development that uses a single extended example or a series of shorter examples to support a thesis. Providing specific instances in support of a general idea. • Transitional or Signal Words – are words or phrases that help carry a thought from one sentence to another, from one idea to another, or from one paragraph to another. A paragraph is defined as “a group of sentences or a single sentence that forms a unit” (Lunsford and Connors 116). It is a unit that supports one main idea considered as the “controlling idea” as it controls the topic where a certain paragraph revolves. Process to Develop a Paragraph

1. Decide on a controlling idea and create a topic sentence. Paragraph development begins with the formulation of the controlling idea which appears in the form of a topic sentence. This sentence conveys what the paragraph will be all about.

2. Elaborate on the controlling idea Paragraph development continues with an elaboration of the controlling idea which can be broaden in different aspects through wide explanation, implication, or simply its significance.

3. Give example(s) Paragraph development progresses with an example (or more) that illustrates the claims made in the previous sentences.

4. Explain the example(s) The next movement in paragraph development is an explanation of each example and its relevance to the topic sentence. The explanation should clearly demonstrate how significant and relevant the examples to support the major claim focused in the paragraph. There should be NO example left unexplained.

5. Complete the paragraph’s idea or transition into the next paragraph. The final movement in paragraph development involves tying up the loose ends of the paragraph. This is where the relevance and significance of the information to a larger paper can be emphasized. It can also include either a concluding point or a coherent transition to the next paragraph. PATTERNS of DEVELOPMENT Usually, we combine more than one writing pattern depending on our purpose for writing. Definition The writer’s goal is to help the reader to understand new terms or concepts, or to come to new understanding of terms they may be familiar with. It’s very important in sciences, where the terminology is extensive and discipline specific. Exemplification It provides a series of examples — facts, specific cases, or instances — turns a general idea into a concrete one; this makes your argument both clearer and more persuasive to a reader. Presents the general statement and then provides specific and concrete examples to expound on the main idea. Description Rich descriptive words that put picture of a person, place or an object in reader's mind. When a person is writing a specific piece, there should be very detailed observations, write what you see in your mind, all parts should be equal. The reader should be able to envision the picture that you had in your mind as the writer. ➢ Sensory – ideas are arranged based on the five senses. ➢ Spatial – ideas are arranged by location or physical space. NARRATION • It refers to telling a story or recounting a series of events. Forms of Narration

6. Chronology (Narration of Event) – It tells about an event in time. It should include a beginning, a middle, and an end. It should have a setting and at least one character. A problem is usually introduced, and some outcome to the problem is indicated. The narration of event may include some emotional impact or an insight about human nature or behavior.

7. Sequence (Narration of Process) – It tell the steps in a how-to. It tells how to do something or how something is done. It should include a straightforward sequence of steps necessary to recreate a how-to process. The essay should include the materials needed, a clear sequence of steps, a cautionary list of do's and don'ts, and any tips or shortcuts that will facilitate the process. COMPARISON and CONTRAST • The paragraph compares two subjects and discusses how they are alike and lists a few examples. • In the contrast paragraphs, two subjects are discussed as how they are different, again, listing a few examples. There are two (2) ways to write a comparison and contrast paragraph:

8. First, there is the “point by point paragraph”. In the point by point, writing back and forth between the two subjects is done. First, talk about topic A, then, talk about topic B; then right back to topic A, and so on.

9. Second, the “blocked paragraph” which only discusses one topic and then finishes the paragraph with the other subject that is to be compared or contrasted with the first. • Cohesive devices, also known as “transitional words or expressions” are used to emphasize key points in a paragraph. CAUSE and EFFECT • The cause is a reason for, or events leading. And the effect is the result of a cause or causes. • Having the skill to think in the mode of cause and effect is a key to victory in daily situations. • This paragraph analyzes the causes or effects of a certain situation. PROBLEM-SOLUTION • In composition, problem-solution is a method for analyzing and writing about a topic by identifying a problem and proposing one or more solutions. • The problem-solution pattern of development is used to deal with topics that pose problems and present solutions in a logical manner. PERSUASION • This paragraph means to convince the reader that your opinion on an issue or subject is the right one. There are many forms of persuasion you might not even know you are being persuaded. • It is important to consider the audience as you write persuasively. Directing your paragraph toward a particular audience can be helpful. Consider what kind of evidence this audience would respond. When you take your audience into consideration, you will make your persuasive paragraph more convincing. Methods of Persuasion • Facts A statement of what is • Referring to authority An expert who can be relied on to give unbiased facts and information. • Examples An example should be clearly relative to the argument and should be typical enough to support it. • Predicting the consequence Helps the reader visualize what will occur if something does or does not happen. • Answering the opposition Answering possible critics show you are aware of the opposing opinion and can respond to it. PROPERTIES OF A WELL-WRITTEN TEXT: ORGANIZATION, COHERENCE AND COHESION, LANGUAGE USE Writing - is the process of using symbols (letters of the alphabet, punctuation and spaces) to communicate thoughts and ideas in a readable form. Sentence – a word, clause, or phrase or a group of clauses or phrases forming a syntactic unit which expresses an assertion, a question, a command, a wish, an exclamation, or the performance of an action, that in writing usually begins with a capital letter and concludes with appropriate end punctuation, and that in speaking is distinguished by characteristic patterns of stress, pitch, and pauses. Paragraph – is a series of sentences that are organized, cohesive, and coherent and are all related to a single topic. Reading – reading is the construction of meaning from a printed or written message. (Day & Bamford, 1998:12) Text – is made up of sentences having the property of grammatical cohesion. A. ORGANIZATION It is also known as arrangement, which is achieved when ideas are logically and accurately arranged with focus on the arrangement of ideas, incidents, evidences, or details in a definite order in a paragraph, essay, or speech. It can be done with a recognizable plan that defines one sentence connection to the other sentence and paragraph to the other paragraph. COHERENCE – means the connection and organization of ideas in a text to create unity. To achieve coherence, every good paragraph must have UNITY or oneness of idea. Sentences in paragraphs are unified and directed by a topic sentence. COHESION – refers to connectivity in a text. It also refers to the connection of ideas both at the sentence level and the paragraph level. It pays attention to links between words and sentences. To achieve good cohesion, you need to know how to use cohesive devices, certain words or phrases that serve the purpose of connecting two statements, usually by referring back to what you have previously written or said. As a writer bear in mind that aside from considering the organization of your ideas and the coherence and cohesion of your sentences and paragraphs, you also must regard the style, tone and clarity of your writing. PROPERTIES OF A WELL-WRITTEN TEXT: Capitalization is the writing of a word with its first letter in upper case and the remaining letters in lower case. An abbreviation is the shortened form of a word or phrase. Mechanics is the set of rules and principles that make writing clear and easy to understand. Writing mechanics covers principles of punctuation, capitalization, spelling, abbreviations and other tools that help language make sense on the page. • Clarity. Proper writing mechanics helps your sentences communicate clearly and correctly, so the reader understands your intent and can follow your train of thought. • Focus. Not only is poor construction unclear, but it’s also distracting. Spelling and grammatical mistakes draw focus away from your subject, detracting from what you intend to communicate. If a reader can’t follow your sentences, they will lose focus and move on to something else. • Professionalism. For paid writers, correct mechanics is essential for professionalism. If a client is paying you to write, mechanical errors are the first indicator of low quality in your work. If they plan on sharing your work with their audience, your writing reflects on their brand and their professionalism, so it has to be right.

10. Capitalization is the practice of using capital letters in writing or printing. Proper nouns, key words in titles, and beginnings of sentences are generally capitalized. Capital letters identify proper names, people and their languages, geographical names, and certain government agencies. There are general rules for capitalization which apply to all writing. a. Starting a Sentence Always capitalize the very first word of a sentence, no matter what it is. b. The Pronoun “I” Always capitalize the first-person singular pronoun “I.” c. Quoting Others Directly quoted speech is capitalized if it is a full sentence. d. Proper Nouns Names or nicknames, people, languages, geographical names, religions, days of the week, months, holidays, and some organizations are considered proper nouns. Proper nouns should always be capitalized. e. Names and Nicknames A name or nickname should always be capitalized. This includes brand names. f. People and Languages Names referring to a person’s culture should be capitalized. Languages are also capitalized. g. Geographical Names The names of cities, states, countries, continents, and other specific geographic locations are capitalized. h. Organizations Government agencies, institutions, and companies capitalize their names. i. Days, Months, and Holidays Days of the week, months, and holidays are always capitalized. However, seasons (fall, spring, summer, and winter) are not capitalized. j. Religions Religions and their adherents, holy books, holy days, and words referencing religious figures are capitalized. k. Titled Work In titled works (such as books, articles, or artwork) the majority of the words are capitalized. A few exceptions are a, an, the, and, but, or, nor, for, so, and yet. These words are only capitalized if they come at the beginning of the title. This can vary based on style, so be sure to check your manual for specifics. Abbreviations To abbreviate means to shorten an existing word. Abbreviations are considered grammatically correct, however there is a series of rules governing how to abbreviate words and which words can be abbreviated. a. Names In formal writing, it is necessary to use someone’s full name. b. Social Titles Abbreviations of social titles must always begin with a capital letter and end with a period. c. Other People Title Abbreviations of all professional, religious, military, or political titles begin with a capital letter and must end in a period. d. Academic Titles An academic title should follow a name, and not be used without a name. Academic titles are set off with commas. In academic titles, every letter is typically separated with a period. Ph. D. is an exception to that rule. e. Time There are three types of time that can be abbreviated: time spans, A.M. and P.M., as well as B.C. and A.D..

11. Time Spans Abbreviations for clocked time start with a lowercase letter and end with a period. Abbreviations for months or days begin with a capital letter and end with a period. Typically, these abbreviations are not appropriate for formal writing.

12. A.M./P.M. A.M. is the abbreviation for ante meridiem, which is Latin for “before noon.” P.M. is the abbreviation for post meridiem, which is Latin for “after noon.” When writing numeral time, use these abbreviations.

13. B.C./A.D. The abbreviation B.C. means “before Christ,” and the abbreviation A.D. means “anno Domini,” which is Latin for “In the year of the Lord.” Because these phrases contain proper nouns, Christ and Domini, the letters of the abbreviations must be capitalized and followed by periods. They are typically used along with numerals. B.C. must be placed after the number it refers to. f. Geographical Abbreviations When abbreviating a geographical term before or after a proper noun, the abbreviation is capitalized and ends with a period. g. Measurements When abbreviating measurements, the system of measurement used will determine the rules for writing out an abbreviation. It is not common to use an abbreviation with a number spelled out in letters. Metric When abbreviating metric measurements, use lowercase letters and do not end the abbreviation with a period. U.S. Customary System When abbreviating U.S. Customary measurements, use small letters and put periods at the end.

14. Spelling is important for exactly the same reason that grammar and punctuation are important: poor spelling makes for poor communication. Academic writing requires a high degree of accuracy, and this is reflected in the quality of the writing.

15. Punctuation Marks are symbols used in languages to convey certain aspects of speaking and directions to the reader or speaker. Punctuation tells a reader how to read a set of words. English has three commonly used ending marks: The period, the exclamation, and the question mark. These marks are used to signify the end of a thought.

16. Conjunctions Two complete sentences joined by a conjunction should be separated with a comma.

17. Lists/Series A list or series of three or more items should be joined by commas. Traditionally, there is one less comma than number of items in the series.

18. Introductions A comma is necessary after an introductory word, phrase, or clause. Introductory words include yes/no names, expressions, and adverbs.

19. Dates

• Dates are written differently in different places, however most English-speaking countries use this date format: Day of the week, month day, year. Wednesday, March 10, 2010.

• If the date contains only a month and a year, commas are not necessary. The same is true if the parts of the date are joined by a preposition.

5. Geographical Locations When a geographical name contains two or more parts, use a comma after each.

6. Numbers Numbers should be set off in increments of three with commas.

7. Quotations Use commas to set off the speaker of a direct quotation. E. Semicolons (;)

Independent Clauses-Semicolons (;) are used to join independent sentences that do not have a conjunction and to clarify meaning. A semicolon is not needed because a comma and conjunction is already present. Semicolons and conjunctions should not be mixed.

5. Semicolons can also be used to join to independent clauses joined with a conjunctive adverb and transitional phrases.

6. Lists Semicolons are also used to separate items in a list when the items themselves contain commas. F. Colons (:)

7. Lists Colons (:) can be used to set off a list of items that follows an independent clause

8. Quotations In formal writing, a colon can be used to introduce a formal quotation, such as a transcript. In casual writing and stories, a comma is used instead. A long quotation can be set off with a colon. If no he said/she said phrase is present (such as a script), a colon is also needed instead of a comma.

9. Emphasizing an Appositive A colon can be used in place of a comma to add additional meaning to an appositive phrase. J. Apostrophes (‘)

10. Contractions are words or phrases with certain letters removed. An apostrophe is put in place of the missing letters.

11. Possession is another use of apostrophes. Depending upon if the noun is plural or not, apostrophes are used in different ways. a. Singular nouns To make a singular noun possessive, add an apostrophe and -s. b. Plural nouns To make a plural noun possessive, add an apostrophe if the noun ends in -s or -es.

12. Compound Nouns To make a compound noun possessive, add an apostrophe and -s, or just an apostrophe if the word is plural and already ends with -s or -es, to the word that appears last in the compound.

13. Joint v. Individual When two or more nouns come before the object being possessed, it is important to correctly indicate who owns the object. If the object is jointly owned, add an apostrophe and -s to the last noun.

14. Pronouns Indefinite pronouns use apostrophes to show possession. K. Quotation Marks (“ ”)

15. Direct Quotations Any statement that was directly said or thought by someone is to be placed within quotation marks. “I think you’re wrong,” said the boy.

16. Unquoted words Use commas to set off the speaker of a direct quotation.

17. Fragments When a fragment of a quote is used, the quote is enclosed with quotation marks; however, it is not set off with commas.

Speaker Change -When the speaker of quotations changes, a new paragraph should begin.

Quotation within a Quotation -When a quote occurs within another quote, single quotation marks are used for the inner quote.

Titles a. Short works, such as short stories or poems, should have their title inside of quotations. b. Titles that occur in a series, such as television show episodes or songs on an album are also placed in quotations.

Subject-Verb Agreement is easy to miss, especially for novice writers. Knowing the proper or singular forms of verbs and then matching them to the subject as is required makes your sentences easier to understand. Subject-verb agreement also makes your work more enjoyable to read. The following are some of the rules that we need to consider in writing: a. Subject and verb must agree in number. ” The cat is lying on the ground.” “The cats are lying on the ground. b. Don’t get confused by the words that come between the subject and verb; they do not affect the agreement. “Blue, together with green and grey, is my favorite color.” c. Prepositional phrases between the subject and verb usually do not affect the agreement. “The ladies at the cafeteria are giggling.” d. When sentences start with “there” or “here”, the subject will always be placed after the verb. “Here is the chocolate you requested.” “There are three kids on the toilet.” e. Subjects joined by “and” are plural. Subjects joined by “or” and “nor” take a verb that agrees with the last subject. “Suho and his classmates are visiting the computer shop. “Neither her friends nor Jugyeong joins the classroom election. “Either Seojun or his naughty comrades are participating in the singing contest. f. Indefinite pronouns are usually singular and take a verb form that ends in “s”. “Someone tells me that it’s good to show your vulnerable side sometimes.” “Everybody likes to go to their resort.” “No one seems to be enjoying his company.” g. Some indefinite pronouns will be singular or plural depending on the object of the prepositional phrase. These words are always about number or amount such as all, half, some, none, most, part, etc. “Most of the water is scattered on the floor.” “Some of the girls are screaming at the corridor.” h. Use singular verbs with distances, sums of money, etc. when considered as “s” unit. “Five kilometers drive requires patience.” “Twenty pesos of candy is an easy way to visit the dentist.” i. Use singular verbs with uncountable nouns that follow on indefinite pronoun. Use plural verbs with countable nouns that follow an indefinite pronoun. “All of the juice is spilled on his favorite shirt.” “Most of the bread crumbs are in her face.” j. Use singular verbs in the construction of the form “the number of...” and plural verbs for the form “a number of...” “The number of responsible students is expected to grow at this moment.” “A number of responsible students are those who give their time and effort in answering their modules.” k. Use singular verbs for subjects that are plural in form but singular in meaning. “Mechanics is one of the properties to achieve a well-written text.” l. Use singular or plural verbs with collective nouns depending on meaning. Collective nouns usually take a singular verb form. “The faculty is deciding on what to do during the Christmas break.” “The class officers are having a meeting on what to design on their classroom.” m. Titles of books, movies, novels, etc. are treated singular and takes a singular verb. “Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire” is my favorite among all the Harry Potter series. n. If gerunds and infinitives are used as subjects, they still take the singular and plural form of the verbs, depending on the number. “Reading stories and writing stories are two different things that require a lot of skills.” Writing - is the process of using symbols (letters of the alphabet, punctuation and spaces) to communicate thoughts and ideas in a readable form. • Claims – are synonymous to belief, argument, assertion, or stand. According to (Tiongson 2016, 20-21), a good claim should be argumentative and debatable, specific and focused, interesting and engaging, and logical. • Explicit – describes something that is expressed clearly. • Implicit –is not clearly stated; the reader or listener has to infer (make an educated guess) what the author or speaker means. • Poetry – literature that evokes a concentrated imaginative awareness of experience or a specific emotional response through language chosen and arranged for its meaning, sound, and rhythm. • Academic Writing – follows a particular tone, which uses concise, formal, and objective language. Academic writing also adheres to traditional conventions of punctuation, grammar, and spelling. Explicit is used to define a situation that has been thoroughly elaborated and expressed without leaving anything untouched. Something is said to be explicit when there is no room for confusion when performing a specific task. It is something stated directly and fully. The term implicit is used to express something indirectly or implied but still understood. This means that the scenario under consideration has not been stated. Something is implicit when people cannot understand it because it is not directly stated but is either suggested in the wording. Application in Poetry Given that poetry and other literary works tend to communicate their meaning or themes in an indirect method, implicit communication is highly adopted. This illustrates why it is challenging to understand the meaning of the poems as they communicate indirectly. Explicit communication is not highly adopted in poetry, and other literary works because it communicates directly which is not preferred in this discipline.

Application in Academic Writing Academic writing does not adopt implicit writing because it has significant levels of ambiguity, which are not necessary when learning. Students are encouraged to write explicitly so that teachers can easily understand their meaning. However, students engaging in literature and mastery of English language use implicit writing which is a great skill in poetry and literature. Primary and Secondary Meaning Explicit sentences communicate the primary meaning of the phrase because they use actual words, which are easy to understand without any ambiguity. A person reading a text that has used explicit communication easily understands the subject under consideration. On the other hand, implicit writing communicates the secondary meaning of the sentence. When one reads a sentence written implicitly, he or she needs to interrogate the phrase so that he or she can realize the secondary meaning of the sentence that is usually hidden. CLAIMS EXPLICITLY OR IMPLICITLY MADE IN A WRITTEN TEXT Claim – state or assert that something is the case, typically without providing evidence or proof. Fact – a thing that is known or proved to be true. Policy – course or principle of action adopted or proposed by a government, party, business, or individual. Value – argues that something is good or bad, or that one thing is better than another thing. Del Grandio J. 2008, said that claim is an arguable statement-an idea that a rhetor (that is a speaker or writer) asks an audience to accept. A claim is an opinion , idea, or assertion. Campbell and Huxman define a claim as an assertion. They stress how it is an interference beyond the facts. Campbell and Huxman discuss these three types of claims, but the best way to isolate claims is simply to ask whether the claim asserts fact, judgment or action.

1. Claim of Fact A claim of fact makes an assertion about something that can be proved or disproved with factual evidence.

2. Claim of Value A claim of value argues that something is good or bad, or that one thing is better than another thing. A claim of value asserts a judgment of some sort.

3. Claims of Policy A claim of policy argues that certain conditions should exist,or that something should or should not be done, in order to solve a problem. A claim asserts that an action should be taken. Be sensitive to call that some action be taken. Look for keywords “should” and “ought”. These words may not always be present but if they are, actions are usually called for.