Velopharyngeal-nasal Function & Speech Production

Skeletal Superstructure

  • pg 120 textbook
  • temporal bone
  • nasal bone
  • alveolar process
  • maxillary bone
  • mandible
  • styloid process
  • mastoid process
  • zygomatic bone
  • nasal choana
  • vomer

The Pharynx

  • extends from base of skull to cricoid cartilage in front and to 6th cervical vertebra in the back
  • pharynx is an oval tube, larger side to side than front to back
  • connective tissue predominates at the top
  • muscle predominates at the bottom
  • continues w/esophagus at lower end
  • 3 cavities
    • nasopharynx
    • hard palate is lower boundary
    • oropharynx
    • between hard palate and hyoid bone
    • contains palatine tonsils and lingual tonsils
    • laryngopharynx
    • between the hyoid and base of cricoid cartilage
  • faucial isthmus
    • narrow opening between velum and the tongue and between anterior faucial pillars

Velum

  • velum means “curtain”
  • consists of soft palate and uvula
  • covered w/connective tissue
  • Muscle fibers are most numerous in the middle portion; scarce at the front and back

Nasal Cavities

  • also called nasal fossae

  • 2 chambers separated by nasal septum

  • septum is cartilage at front, bone at back

  • floor is hard palate

  • lateral walls are made up of conchae

    • conchae - curled and convoluted bone
  • nasal vestibule at fornt

  • rich blood supply

The Outer Nose

  • root

  • bridge

  • dorsum

  • ala

  • apex

  • anterior naris

  • base

  • septum

    Outer Nose

Forces

  • passive
    • recoil of muscles, cartilages, and connective tissues
    • surface tension
    • gravity
    • aeromechanical forces
  • active
    • muscles of pharynx
    • muscles of velum
    • muscles of outer nose

Muscles of Pharynx

The constrictors

  • function: pull pharyngeal walls inward and forward to constrict pharyngeal tube
  • Superior constrictor
    • originates at front of pharyngeal tube and inserts into median raphe of posterior pharyngeal wall
  • middle constrictor
  • inferior constrictor
    • consists of 2 parts
    • thyropharyngeus (upper)
    • cricopharyngeus (lower)

Salpingopharyngeus

  • function: pulls lateral pharyngeal walls upward and inward

  • origin: near lower border of pharyngeal orifice of auditory tube

  • insertion: lateral pharyngeal wall

Stylopharyngeus

  • Function: pulls up on pharynx and pulls lateral walls outward (widens pharynx)

  • Origin: styloid process

  • Insertion: lateral pharyngeal wall and thyroid cartilage

Palatopharyngeus

  • Function: pulls inward on upper pharyngeal walls and upward on lower lateral pharyngeal walls (with velum fixed)

  • Origin: soft palate

  • Insertion: lower lateral wall of pharynx and thyroid cartilage

Muscles of the velum

  • Palatal Levator (levator veli palatini)

    • function: draws the velum upward and backward

  • Palatal tensor (tensor veli palatini)

    • function: opens the auditory tube
  • Uvulus

    • function: shorten, lift, increase bulk of velum
    • only intrinsic muscle of the velum

  • Glossopalatine

    • function: pulls downward and forward on the velum (with tongue fixed)
    • Origin: side of tongue
    • insertion: lower surface of palatal aponeurosis
  • Pharyngopalatine

    • function: pulls downward and backward on velum (with pharynx fixed)
    • origin: lower lateral wall of pharynx and thyroid cartilage
    • insertion: runs through posterior faucial pillar and inserts into soft palate and superior constrictor muscle

Muscles of the Outer Nose

  • Levator labii superioris alaeque nasi
    • function: draws the ala upward and enlarges the naris
    • origin: frontal process and infraorbital margin of maxilla
    • insertion: divides with one part inserting into upper lip and the other into cartilage of nasal ala
  • Anterior nasal dilator
    • function: enlarges the naris
    • origin: lower edge of lateral nasal cartilage
    • insertion: deep surface of the skin near the outer margin of the naris on the same side
  • posterior nasal dilator
    • function: enlarges the naris
    • origin: nasal notch of maxilla and sesamoid cartilages of the outer nose
    • insertion: into the skin near the alar cartilage along outer naris on the same side
  • nasalis
    • function: constricts the naris
    • origin: maxilla
    • insertion: aponeurosis
  • depressor alae nasi
    • function: draw outer nose down, decrease naris aperture (constricts naris)
    • origin: fossa of maxilla
    • insertion: back part of ala

Movements of Velopharyngeal-nasal apparatus

  • movements of pharynx
    • lengthening/shortening by vertical movements of larynx
    • inward/outward movements of lateral pharyngeal walls
    • forward/backward movements of posterior pharyngeal walls
    • forward/backward movements of velum, tongue, and epiglottis
  • movements of the velum

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