Babylon

1894 BC: Sumu Abam Establishes Babylonian Kingdom

• Amorite chieftain Sumu Abam founded a kingdom on the Euphrates' eastern banks.

• The area had farmland and a city called Babu (Akkadian for "Gateway of the Gods"), possibly from Sumerian Babber/Babir (pale/white/bright).

• The city is now known as Babylon.

Babylon's History as a Neo-Sumerian Administrative Center

• Babylon was previously an administrative center in the Neo-Sumerian Empire during the Third Dynasty of Ur (late third millennium BC).

• The Third Dynasty of Ur consisted of five kings who promoted arts, literature (in Sumerian), and law for the populace.

• International trade flourished, reaching India and Egypt; the empire controlled territories from the Mediterranean to central Iran.

• The Neo-Sumerian Empire was the wealthiest, most powerful state in early antiquity at its height.

Post-Neo-Sumerian Mesopotamia

• After the Neo-Sumerian Empire's decline, Mesopotamia fragmented into petty states led by warlords raiding for silver, slaves, and women.

• Sumu Abam sought lasting legacy, investing in Babylon to grow it into a city known for textiles.

• Babylon became focal point of Babylonia.

• The civilization revolved around the city and its deity, Marduk.

Neo-Sumerian Empire's Cultural Achievements

• The Third Dynasty of Ur's kings brought prosperity and cultural achievements to Mesopotamia.

• Sumerian language revived after 150 years of Akkadian dominance.

• Buildings in Ur were renovated, including the ziggurat for the moon god Nanna.

Fall of the Neo-Sumerian Empire

• The Neo-Sumerian Empire eventually collapsed due to multiple factors.

• Amorite nomadic expansion eastward into Mesopotamia weakened the state.

• Bad harvests, famine, and weak leadership contributed to the empire's fall.

Amorite Disruption and Letters of Iin

• Letters between King Iin and Commander Ishbiera illustrates the situation during the empire's final decades.

• Iin ordered Ishbiera to purchase grain from Isin and Kazal amid a grain shortage.

• Ishbiera reported Amorites blocked roads, preventing transport of grain.

• Amorites threatened Nippur and Eeen, exploited by Ishbiera for political gain.

Ishbiera's Treachery and the End of Iin's Reign

• Isbiera asked to be governor of both cities due to Amorite threat.

• Iin, weakened, agreed to make Ishbiera a regional governor.

• Iin ordered Ishbiera to purchase grain at double the price, resolving the immediate food crisis but highlighting the king's weakness.

• In 2017 BC, Ishbiera proclaimed himself king of Eeen.

Puur Nush's Letter and Elamite Involvement

• Isbiera sent messengers to demand submission from other governors.

• Puur Nush of Kazal informed Iin of Isbiera's treason, detailing Isbiera's intentions, including rebuilding Is's wall and calling it Idil Pasu.

• Isbiera captured Nippur and appointed his own administrators; his ally Zum plundered Hami.

• Isbiera's influence spread, with governors of Ashuna, Kish, and Bipa returning to their posts.

• Iin likely couldn't provide assistance and berated Isbiera, predicting Elamite attacks against Eeen.

Elamite Independence and the Fall of Ur

• Katu's father, Yirat, was appointed by Shuli to oversee Elam but declared independence after Shuli's death.

• Katu seized the moment to attack Ur in 2004 BC, ending the Third Dynasty of Ur.

• Iin and the statue of Nanna were taken, marking a turning point in Mesopotamian history.

• The Sumerian language declined due to lack of state support, while Akkadian remained prevalent.

Emergence of Babylonian Society

• Around 1900 BC, Sumerian and Akkadian culture, combined with Amorite, Hurrian, and Canaanite influences, led to the emergence of Babylonian society.

• Babylonia was named after the city of Babylon.

• Despite cultural and linguistic uniformity, Babylonia was politically fragmented, with shifting alliances of warlords.

Rise of Isin and Larsa

• Amorite and Akkadian leaders emerged from the Neo-Sumerian Empire's collapse.

• Eeen and Larsa became prominent kingdoms.

• New rulers claimed descent from the Third Dynasty of Ur, continuing its political and cultural heritage.

Isin Dynasty and Its Rulers

• Sumerian remained the language of royal decrees, inscriptions, literature, and hymns.

• Kings like Lipit Ishtar compiled law codes in Sumerian.

• Isin dynasty under Isher liberated Ur from Elamite occupation, controlling cities like Uruk and Larsa.

• Under Idin Dagan, frequent clashes occurred with Amorites.

Rise of Larsa

• Larsa, an ancient city, was ruled by the Amorite warlord Zaba in 1940 BC.

• Gunam captured Ur during his reign (1932-196 BC), leading to Larsa's ascendance.

• Kish, Uruk, and Seper became independent kingdoms with Amorite rulers between 1900 to 1800 BC.

Sumu Abam and the Founding of Babylon

• In 1894 BC, Sumu Abam established a kingdom with Babylon as its capital.

• Babylon's acquisition was likely through force.

• He founded the First Dynasty of Babylon.

Sumu Abam's Reign

• Sumu Abam focused on building up Babylon's fortifications due to constant conflicts with neighbors.

• Diplomacy and marriage alliances were used to build fortresses around the city.

• Trade issues and disputes were addressed with subordinates.

Rise of Rim-Sin of Larsa

• The kingdom of Larsa expanded and became the most powerful in Mesopotamia.

• In 1822 BC, King Rim-Sin began campaigns to expand Larsa's borders.

• By 1810 BC, Rim-Sin targeted Uruk, ruled by Anam.

• Uruk and Babylon formed allience as one house.

• Eventually Rim-Sin was the victor, and Uruk was absorbed by Larsa.

Sin-Mual Prepares for War and Babylonian Victory

• Sin-Mual anticipated an attack from Rim-Sin and built fortresses.

• In 1801 BC, Larsa attacked, but Babylon won.

• In 1793 BC, Rim-Sin annexed Eeen, cementing his control over Sumer.

Challenges Facing Babylon

• Larsa expands North, leading to conflict with Babylon.

• The Kingdom of Upper Mesopotamia, ruled by Shamshi-Adad, posed a threat.

• The Kingdom of Ashuna was another threat to the northeast.

Rise of Shamshi-Adad

• Located in the Dalala River Valley, Ashuna expanded under ambitious kings.

• Naram-Sin annexed the kingdom of Echalatum, ruled by Shamshi-Adad.

• Shamshi-Adad sought refuge in Babylon with Sin-Mual.

• Shamshi-Adad retook Echalatum after Naram-Sin's death.

Military Campaigns and Alliances

• Hammurabi's first five years focused on financial matters, temple renovations, and canal maintenance.

• In 1787 BC, he launched a campaign against Rim-Sin of Larsa, taking Eeen and Uruk, but soon lost them.

• By 1775 BC Shamshi-Adad died, and his empire collapsed.

Zim-Liim's Return and New Threats

• Mari becomes independent, with Zim-Liim as king, backed by Yarim-Liim of Yamhad.

• Shamshi-Adad was assassinated; Zim-Liim became the ruler of Mari with Yamhad's backing.

• Ish-Din, Shamshi-Adad's son, fled to Babylon after losing Echatum

• Hammurabi viewed both Mari and Esh-Nuna as potential threats.

Hammurabi Aligns with Zim-Liim Against Esh-Nuna

• Yarim-Liim's power outlined in a letter as more powerful than Babylon, Larsa, Esh-Nuna, and Katna combined.

• Ibal-Pel of Ashuna took the city of Rum in and threatened trade between Babylon and Mari.

• Hammurabi and Zim-Liim allied against Esh-Nuna.

Esh-Nuna and Elam Conflict

• Ibal-Pel of Ashuna sought peace with Babylon and Mari due to larger conflict with Elam.

• Elam rich in natural resources, trade routes between Mesopotamia and eastern peoples.

• Sukala requested assistance from Zim-Liim and Hammurabi.

• Hammurabi and Zim-Liim allied against Ashuna.

Hammurabi and Rim-Sin Face Off

• Following the war Hammurabi occupied Manism and II, enraging the Sukala.

• The Sukala wishes to expand his Mesopotamian influence and seized monism

• Hammurabi and his longtime rival Rim-Sin of Larsa asked help.

The Sukala's Downfall and New Alliances

• No support from Rim-Sin or Yarim-Liim, leading to unopposed invasion.

• Sukala's ambition and arrogance lead to his downfall.

• Sukala's ambition, arrogance, and overstepping led to a broad coalition uniting against him.

• The Sukala and his army retreated looted Elam.

Hammurabi's Victory and Rim-Sin's Concerns

• Defeating Elam and Hammurabi inflated his ego and increased fear and distrust toward him.

• Likely motives of Rim-Sin included no ties with Elamite and Elamite ancestry.

• Rim-Sin aware of Hammurabi's ambitious nature and high tension between the kingdoms.

Hammurabi Versus Rim-Sin and Alliances.

• Hammurabi accused Rim-Sin of rejecting the alliance against the Sukala.

• It accuses Rim-Sin of violating Babylonian territory..

• Hammurabi sieged Mashan-Shapir, taking the town, and then secured the surrender of others

• Hammurabi allies came to reinforce his troops, such as Zimbabwe-Lim who brought additional armies.

Hammurabi's Conquest of Larsa

• Rim-Sin failed to find support to fight Babylon, even appealing to Kuta in the Levant.

• Hammurabi and his troops entered Larsa, conquering it after a long siege and capturing Rim-Sin.

• Hammurabi conquered what remained of Ashuna into his growing empire afterwards in 1762 BC.

Hammurabi's Victory

• Zim-Liim ignored him out of fear that Hammurabi would turn to Mari next.

• Zim-Liim refusal to action resulted in troops from Hammurabi being dispatched to Mari.

• After the defeat Hammurabi took anything of value before the city and its walls were decimated using fire

Hammurabi's Reign

• Last years spent on annexing territories and also running affairs of state.

• Built temples, constructed forts, maintained canals, and created trade agreements with neighboring kingdoms.

• Hammurabi obsessed with the minor details of governing, the amount of texts and letters prove this from accounting texts.

Rule of Law

• Code compiled nearly 300 different laws spanning theft, murder, marriage, and personal injuries.

• Although influenced by older traditions the code from Hammurabi is the longest legal collection known.

• Heavy punishments were given to Hammurabi code's violators, simple fines would not be excused.

Examples from Hammurabi's Code

• If a woman innkeeper refuses to accept grain for the price of beer, they shall charge and convict that woman innkeeper, and they shall cast her into the water.

• If a man blinds another man, he will be blinded his. This did not apply equal, punishments varied according to class.

• Blindness mentioned a willu, meaning one from the elite or upper class. a commoner was much more lenient.

Example Laws from Hammurabi's Code (Cont.)

• If he blinds the eye of a commoner, or broke the bones, they shall deliver 60 shekels of silver..

• The slave class of the willu's slaves will only be met with a delivery of one half value of the slave in silver.

• These laws did not carry heavy punishments to help those suffering from circumstances beyond heir control.

Hammurabi Empire and Successors

• Storm god or flood will result in suspension of contract and no interest payments for a year..

• From a relatively midsized kingdom to an empire covered most of Iraq and much of eastern Syria

• Successors did not have his capability, thus leading into the decay of the empire.

Samsu-Luna's Early Reign; Revolt from Larsa

• Samsu-Luna spent considerable time in Mari during the reign of Zim-Liim, becoming his co-ruler

• After Hammurabi's death in 1750 BC, Samsu-Luna became the seventh king of Babylon's Dynasty

• Early years focused on temple construction and economic matters

• Revolt in 1742 BC by a man named Rim-Sin (Rim-Sin II, separate from the king defeated earlier) due to poor conditions

Rebellions from within

• inflation spiraling out of control and famine crippling the city and surrounding country side. in 1742 bc the same conditions were present in Uruk.

• Following the example of Rim-Sin, a certain Rim-Anun declared his city's independence and crowned himself as its new king

• Kings took throne of Isin, Kazal, and, Esh-Nuna while others cities, including Lagash, Ur, and Nippur staged massive revolts

• At first. Rim-Anal and Rim-Sin worked together against their common enemy , Samsu-Luna; rim-Amun abandons the rebellion

Samsu-Luna's Battles and Death

• Battle was won by Samsu-Luna because his victories had defeated of weakened rebels, this gave him an easier opportunity to rule.

• Barely two years after the rebellions, Samsu-Luna restored control of Larsa, Uruk, Ison, Nippur and nearly all other cities.

• By 1720's BC, the Babylonian empire by Hammurabi was in decline as they no longer recognize the king.

• Samsu-Luna was succeeded by son Abi-Yeshua.

Last Kings of Dynasty and Conflicts

• 16 years of rule with relatively documentation available about the conflicts.

• The texts only mention six military campaigns out of the history of ancient Mespotamia making it odd that so little texts can be found.

• Few conflicts were noted include near Kish;Elam also existed; Esh-Nuna existed.

• Last known battle was Babylon against Deiki-Ilu in 1632, with a supposed Babylonian victory.

Raids

• During the reign of Ami-Saduk, letters indicate Seper faced groups of marauders.

• The marauders led to suggestions to reinforce cities, move animals, people stay inside the walls within areas.

• Samsu-Diana reigned for 31 years. It showed cities, Elamites, Horians, and other parties harassed Babylonian borders

Hittite Conquest of Babylon and the Rise of the Canaanites

• Sometime around 1630 BC Hiillii had a large kingdom in central Anatolia; launch many campaigns to gain wealth.

• Musili the first failed the initial takeover but eventually did in 1595BC destroying yamahad with many riches for Husha.

• Mursili march 2000 kilometers and sacked the city until they reached the gates of Babylon.

Hittites Takeover

• Very few detail were recorded within this campaign; chronicle 40 is what simply tells us. Telipinu proclamation also describes the reign of musili.

• Hitittes plundered the city and it's temple, including dedicated to the city's patron's God Marduk. he did not leave troops and his absence caused great turmoil

• Samsu never herd of anyone related to the event again after the Hittites took it; later writing allode there being political chaos throughout Babylonia

• Many amorites began to claim territory.

Canaanites Arrive

• A cannanite family became most powerful in Babylon as well as control of the city after that; this family would rule over 400 years

• Caananite is Kashu and this identify them as Canaanites, although they refer them self as GalZu

• cannanites Arise attributed Samsu-Luna dated to 1742 BC where is where samsu Luna destroyed the troops at Kalalal.

Caananites as Horsesmen, mercenaries, Loan WOrds

• Canaanites serve as mercenaries in documents from other letters and texts.

• Had a language on their own; language knowledge comes from Akkadian cannanite dictionaries where they dealt with horses.

• Also found in Babylonian dialect of Akkadian, most of these deal with horses.

• Best horsesmen known in the area.

How The Canaanites Consolidated Power

• Scholars say they might be favored by the Hittites due to also being horsemen.

• The theory is that caananite spoke an indo european language similar to Hittittes making them easier to become Allies, However. It lacks any evidence.

• Earliest Caananite ruler was Gandhi which is only known through king list 2

  • Short in Description; only addresses as being kind of the for quarters son and successor son Alum, first

Power Grab of Aum's; Other Leaders

• Next ruler was Kelash; many Canaanite names show up with short descriptions about them.

• All came from King list

• Evidence was found about Alum II, also known as Alum Kakai; lived around the 570BC.

• Recovered the statue of Marduk; because Marduke came to Babylon Alum had power; must be legitimist ruler of Babylon.

Campaign Against the Sealand Dynasty

• To become undisputed power, Caananite kings waged campaigns against dynasty to win the eyes of the people
  . They first took the holy city of Nipour, by 1475 conquered southern Mesopatamia. This unitied Babylon once against to be called Carduni.

• Along with the political reunification became economic renewal; trade and Gulf brought needed materials for copper.

  • important temples being set to the goddess of Nina within the city of Uruk.

Kings Like Cory; Dur-Kuruglazu

• More important Canaanite kings, which means Shepard

• Built new royal residents called Door-Curio-Galzu (2), means 4 Curie Glazu located within 100km north and also contain world palace several temples

• In the city that temple to the God enlille become pattern to the royal family

• The city of Nippour a long holy temples of Enlile also an important site of pilgrimage

Relations with Assyria

• A relationship was building with North of Babylon which was a shrine building.

• Expand throughout north Mesopotamia, South east Anatolia.

• In the 15th century BC they were a vessel to the 40 kingdom of Alitanni Alssyian kings revolted and the Mitlanni kings.

Asheru-Balit Defeats Mitanni

• Once Alassya had defeated the king Shetera that also made it of major regional power.

  • For the most part Caananite, king is had really good relationship that little intersection expansion for the Southern part of Mesopotamia
    . - Because of that it raised some concern when spice support that Alsshyu Ruba little was responding to the Pharaoh or Egypt.

Babash II & His Letter

• Enraged He wrote Pharaoh, saying that the Assyrian is or subjects and want him to stop corresponding.

• Also stated to send back Assyrians if he truly loved him.

• Assyrians no subjects would also rapidly expanding in other directions.

• Alsshyu Ruba little did not want to lose anouther war, he therefore married his daughter Muulat Shah a to Babah as to increase inner cooperation between the kingdoms.

Assyrians Intervene in Babylon

• They then had a child Kardsh, and in 1433 BC he became the new king of Babylon . But in less than a year hewas murdered in in a Ravelion and the soldiers pick up a new king which was Nazi-Buors.

• Alsshu rub little infuriated over the loss on his grandson march to Babylon to Intervene.

  • synchronous history which described the killing of the grand child.

Kurigalzu Becomes King

• Allashu little marched to Cardinal to ever Kardsh and killed him by his to became Kurd Galziu became king and there are points and time or common clashes on the border

• and in the end these briefs skirmishes did nothing to change the balance of power

Assyria is More Powerful

• By the 13th century. BC, Austria was clearly more powerful, especially after its annexes of form Alitta territories.

• one of Alasia powerful and controvesnal kings, took another i turned against Babylon for breaking oath to the son of the God Shah Alash

• Also in a great work of world propaganda which is the EPIC .

Caananites vs Assyrians ( Tul-Nertha )

• Great description of flowery language showing the battle that can to pass.

Consequences of Tul-Nertha's Actions

• Tul made this can campaign against crash everything personal as to keep up the spirit high, but was also that the gods became furious withsh and ordered Tunatha.

• Royal inscriptions show them, they had completely destroyed Babylon in and its conquest.

• Also plundered the great temple of the city is patron deity marduke and also stole the holy statue the words.

  • He installed his own governors in Cardinal After After 7 years the new governor also did not follow through.

Assyrian Rule and the Rise of Adad-Shuma-Usar

• Caananite kings who ruled during occupation were simply there as figure heads due to political insatiability.
  -Elamite incursion; king, and other portions of Bible were possessions Alnerah did not stop the tax in the first place. the king was assassinated

Chaos and Decline of Assyria

• After a new and with relatively came to power there was relative chaos in Babylon, and facts the assign ship to hit the world and went into with the final decade of it.

  • After a Caananite prince living side there in the Southern province or with the minimum amount of Assyrian troops.

After the Rebellion and the Kingdom Restored

• This prince who Adah to Shuma usar was able to get some local power and kicked out Assyrians and become the kings around one or 2117 BC .he go want to reach for around 30 years.

  • Due to A.B. and this reign, The Assyrians states now went to D cline which largely because it was lost during collision

• And the reign of a 3 show on the long term and it was now peaceful; marrying her daughter to L Elite king as shutter cut, Nun and those would not come later.

Troubles in Assyria Begins

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  • According to synchronous is the Assyrian state also defeat in a battle which was canaanite ZBABA Shuma idina to weaken in this time 11755 bc.

Elamites invade Babylonian Empire; Cultural era for Canaanites

• They also have shut shut cut to no a in claims to being marriage but will result in with raids weak baboon

• Show to the invasion of the Babalon of Norrin to the objects and great finds, the Stata of the code.

Canannite Rules. . and cultural achievement

• The Elites occupied a lot of Babylon for several decades after

• This period was a great time, culturally; some of the most significant works of Akkadian literature were composed at this time

• epic of creation the Babylonian version that it takes; commonly referred to today as Gilgamesh is example
  .

The 12th Century BC\Culture Era

• One of these is the standard Babylonian version of the epic Gilgamesh that we're all familiar with today.

• Another one is Ludd Luul B Neck, meaning lets me praise the lord of wisdom the god Marduk which is often called the bololonian book for job and explores the whims of divine justice and suffering. .

After the Kingdom

• The Elementals known to have occupied large parts of Babylon for several decades after, for native baboon to took over what was and determine and certainty. -

  • The name was given because the governor of is it an up and appears and legal documentation and from many of the cut do rude monument and also know from this dynasty.
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The Greatest King

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What Was Said About Tiglath

-Synchronous text say that he sent a seige engines to concur a fortress within the Assyrian empire.

• Asher reshi king of the Assyrians, brought his people to go defend the city but was meet with defeat.

• With this happening , the two sides eventually meet and were able to make peace with the other person.

• Nebuchadnezzar visit assiryian at this is a state visitation.

Recovering the Statue of Marduk

• Nebuchadnezzar is best known because they took away that idol a few of and go was there to and recover him

• The importance of returning the statue as it could not be overstated. The events were that either he was a holding copy or had deliberately gone away from Babylon.

Babylonian Literary Document; War In The Horizon

• Dwells Nebuchadnezzar, the king; he rages like a lion and thunders like the god Adad.
  -like a lion, he frightens his distinguished nobles
  have pity on my land, and may Babylon be in your mind
  -Gathered in army and information come to shipy and fought alongside the ruler .

What To Do in Times of War

-. -When never cut in the result and Prince the finest of spring from Babylon the pre eminent order to make can I want touch because to make can I was touch if the fine and a launched that would take 30 leagues in Deep by the god Marduke

• The raid and heat the fine the horse has done by while there was that would make and a touch those in the power that would make.

• the Kings met and there were both ways of the battle and it has seemed that there can never could just did end up out on that to which the statue came to his location as well.

Political Decline

• While accurate Kings may have been at the cap side health most of the important conditions with that second dynasty event in those new God

• The country was kind but if you can only see that kind of stuff with exception there as there also would eventually lead to decline.

Cultural Achievements And Literature and Medical Advancement

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  -The important test is just to speak and copy have been found all in the same context, the new logical detail and possible causes and epilepsy.

Tensions Between Mesopotamia and Assyria

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-I demolished the palaces and but the king relies on the strike had to retreat out eventually from Western pressures

Final Battles with Assyria

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-babylonian Chronicles say they the Achaemenids was a lot of gold due to being a lot of areas in Babylon. and what has to and the people was joined to other.

• -The end in a hostel it is with not a stem the army and the leaders over took the cities due to many that did not like it .

Dynasties Are Created and the Kings Come

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Shrikaki

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  A royal . and Hasha where it to be. .His short live was Kashuu Nadi meaning and was also a canaanite..

Other Dynasties That Arise

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  -His son succeed after the fact to the were on what the world should be

More Conflicts from Babylon

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Troubles Leading to Decline

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Babylonian Is Conquered!!

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  -TII declared himself king of Babylon.
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Reorganizing The Kingdom

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Invasions, Theives, and Troubles Within the Border

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King B Falls From Throne After Purging the Assyrian Leaders

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