Lecture 10_Intelligence Assessment (1)
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Page 2: What is Intelligence?
Definitions of intelligence vary widely:
Abstract thinking ability
Capacity to learn from experience
Capacity to acquire capacity
Ability to adapt to the environment
Wechsler’s Definition:
"A global concept that involves an individual’s ability to act purposefully, think rationally, and deal effectively with the environment"
Gardner’s Definition:
"The ability to solve problems, or to create products, that are valued within one or more cultural settings"
Page 3: Psychological Testing
Standardized measure of a person’s behavior
Measures individual differences including:
Intelligence
Interests
Personality
Two Major Types of Tests:
Mental Ability Tests
Personality Tests
Page 4: Mental Ability Tests
Intelligence Tests:
Assess general mental ability
Assess potential, NOT knowledge
Aptitude Tests:
Measure potential in various domains (verbal, numeric, spatial, abstract reasoning, etc.)
Achievement Tests:
Measure previous learning
Categories cover math, language, sciences, etc.
Page 5: Standardisation & Norms
Standardisation:
Process of assessing a group to determine typical scores
Involves uniform administration and scoring
Norms:
Standards based on large group measurements
Allows comparison of individual scores
Concepts include bell curve, standard deviation, and mean
Page 6: Psychometric Properties
Reliability:
Consistency of scores produced by a measurement tool.
Reliable tests yield similar scores over time.
Validity:
Degree to which a test measures what it intends to measure.
For example, a personality test should effectively measure personality, not behavior.
Page 7: Intelligence Testing (1)
Sir Francis Galton: 19th Century British Scholar
Suggested intelligence differences are quantifiable
Proposed that intelligence is inherited (nature over nurture)
Started the Eugenics movement.
Page 8: Intelligence Testing (1)
Alfred Binet:
Developed a test to identify mental stability in children
Predicted future academic progress through abstract reasoning skill assessment
Scores expressed as "mental age" (MA) relative to chronological age.
Page 9: Intelligence Testing (1)
Intelligence Quotient (IQ):
Measure comparing mental age (MA) to physical age (PA)
Calculated as:
IQ = (Mental Age / Physical Age) x 100
Example:
MA = 10, PA = 7
Calculation: (10 / 7) x 100 ≈ 143 (high IQ)
Page 10: Interpreting IQ Scores
Scale of intelligence scores:
Categories of "Dull normal", "Bright normal", "Superior", etc.
Ranges significantly across the scale.
Page 11: Theories of Intelligence
General Intelligence vs Multiple Intelligences:
Spearman’s "g":
Believed in a general intelligence factor underlying specific mental abilities.
Page 12: Theories of Intelligence
Thurstone’s Primary Mental Abilities:
Proposed seven distinct factors:
Word fluency
Verbal comprehension
Spatial ability
Perceptual speed
Numeric ability
Inductive reasoning
Memory
Page 13: Theories of Intelligence
Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory:
Three forms of intelligence:
Analytical (logical reasoning, critical thinking)
Creative (novel problem solving)
Practical (adapting knowledge in real-world settings)
Page 14: Theories of Intelligence
Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences:
Proposed multiple forms of intelligence.
Evidence: specific abilities might remain while others diminish (e.g. savant syndrome).
Eight types of intelligence are recognized.
Page 15: Types of Intelligence
Intellectual Domains:
Linguistic: Good use of language (e.g. Journalist)
Logical/Mathematical: Logical reasoning (e.g. Scientist)
Musical: Creating and performing music (e.g. Musician)
Spatial: Visualizing relationships (e.g. Artist)
Bodily/Kinesthetic: Physical control (e.g. Athlete)
Interpersonal: Understanding others' emotions (e.g. Therapist)
Intrapersonal: Understanding one’s own emotions (e.g. Self-aware individual)
Naturalist: Recognizing patterns in nature (e.g. Biologist)
Page 16: Theories of Intelligence
Goleman’s Emotional Intelligence:
Comprises emotional self-awareness, managing emotions, empathy, and understanding emotions of others.
Page 17: Intelligence Testing (2)
Lewis Terman:
Revised Binet’s test, established the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale.
Popularized IQ calculation formula.
Page 18: Intelligence Testing (2)
David Wechsler:
Created Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) and Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC).
Less reliance on verbal ability than the Stanford-Binet.
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Page 20: Influence of Intelligence
Studies show faster processing speeds and information retrieval in those with higher IQs.
High intelligence correlates with achievement test performance.
Page 21: Influence on Intelligence
Schooling Effects:
Better schooling experiences correlate with higher intelligence scores.
Flynn Effect:
Rise of approximately 3 IQ points per decade attributed to improved schooling, environment, and nutrition.
Page 22: Intelligence & Creativity
Creativity: Ability to produce valuable, novel ideas.
Correlation to intelligence studied through:
Expertise, imaginative thinking, adventurous personality, intrinsic motivation, creative environment.
Page 23: Intelligence & Creativity
Assessing Creativity:
Divergent thinking measured by tests on functional fixedness.
Moderate correlation between IQ and divergent thinking.
Page 24: Controversies of Intelligence
Nature vs. Nurture:
Intelligence debated over genetic vs environmental sources.
Studies show both factors contribute.
Page 25: Controversies of Intelligence
Showed differing degrees of correlation in intelligence across various family structures and environmental settings.
Page 26: Controversies of Intelligence
Average IQ differences among racial groups attributed largely to environmental factors.
Better conditions yield higher scores.
Page 27: Controversies of Intelligence
Critique of intelligence tests:
Bias in favoring certain cultural and educational backgrounds.
Issues with the validity of intelligence tests in determining educational placement.