Authoritarian Leaders

Adolf Hitler

1. Rise to Power:

   • Post-WWI Germany: Economic hardship and resentment over the Treaty of Versailles created fertile ground for extremist ideologies.
   • Nazi Party: Hitler joined and quickly rose to lead the National Socialist German Workers' Party (Nazi Party), using propaganda and charismatic speeches to gain support.
   • Beer Hall Putsch (1923): An unsuccessful coup attempt that landed Hitler in jail, where he wrote Mein Kampf, outlining his political ideology and plans.
   • Reichstag Fire (1933): Used as a pretext to suspend civil liberties and consolidate power.
   • Enabling Act (1933): Granted Hitler dictatorial powers.

2. Key Policies and Actions:

   • Autocratic Rule: Hitler established a totalitarian regime, suppressing opposition and controlling all aspects of German life.
   • Anti-Semitism and the Holocaust: Systematic persecution and extermination of Jews and other minority groups.
   • Rearmament: Violation of the Treaty of Versailles through rapid military expansion.
   • Invasion of Poland (1939): Triggered World War II.

Fidel Castro

1. Rise to Power:

   • Cuban Revolution (1959): Castro led a guerrilla movement that overthrew the US-backed Batista dictatorship.
   • 26th of July Movement: Organized and led the armed struggle against Batista's regime.

2. Key Policies and Actions:

   • Socialist State: Nationalized industries, implemented land reforms, and established a one-party socialist state.
   • Bay of Pigs Invasion (1961): A failed CIA-backed attempt by Cuban exiles to overthrow Castro.
   • Cuban Missile Crisis (1962): A tense standoff with the United States over the placement of Soviet nuclear missiles in Cuba.
   • US Embargo: Long-standing economic blockade imposed by the United States.
   • Healthcare and Education: Significant investments in public health and education.

Mao Zedong

1. Rise to Power:

   • Chinese Communist Revolution (1949): Mao led the Communist Party to victory against the Nationalist Kuomintang in a long civil war.
   • Long March (1934-1936): A strategic retreat that solidified Mao's leadership and the Communist Party's base of support.

2. Key Policies and Actions:

   • Great Leap Forward (1958-1962): A disastrous economic and social campaign aimed at rapid industrialization and collectivization, leading to widespread famine.
   • Cultural Revolution (1966-1976): A sociopolitical movement aimed at purging capitalist and traditional elements from Chinese society, resulting in widespread chaos and purges.
   • Cult of Personality: Mao established a cult of personality, portraying himself as an infallible leader.
   • Sino-Soviet Split: Deterioration of relations with the Soviet Union