Describe the characteristics that all animals have in common. multicellular, eukaryotic (contains nucleus), heterotrophic *(must consume other organisms), no cell walls. | Define the term zoology: The study of the classification, evolution, and structural characteristics of animals. | | | Define the terms animal, vertebrate and invertebrate. Animal: an organism that is multicellular, eukaryotic (contains nucleus), heterotrophic *(must consume other organisms), no cell walls. Vertebrate: animals with a dorsal nerve cord Invertebrate: animals without a dorsal nerve cord. | | | Describe the differences between bilateral and radial symmetry. Bilateral: when you cut into it, it makes two halves. Radial: when you cut into it there are multiple pieces that are identical. Multiple lines of symmetry. | | | Describe the characteristics that all animals have in common. multicellular, eukaryotic (contains nucleus), heterotrophic *(must consume other organisms), no cell walls. | | | Describe the five vital life functions all animals must perform to stay alive. Support: three types of skeletons (hydrostatic, exoskeleton, endoskeleton) Hydrostatic: use of fluid to fill bodies (jellyfish, anemones, flatworms) Exoskeleton: a hard outer shell made of chitin, most common in arthropods Provides enormous amount of protection Limits growth
Endoskeleton: an internal skeleton of plates or bones made of calcium Will grow with the animal and allows animals to grow very large External tissues are more vulnerable
Use of Energy/Removal of Waste Must be able to find, ingest, amd digest food Remove nitrogenous wastes and maintain water balance Use kidneys and nephridia
Respiration: (using the skin, gills, or lungs) Skin Gills Lungs Increase surface area
Sensing the environment Complex sense organs and nervous systems to find mates and predators
Reproduction: asexual vs.sexual Most do sexual repodic Some use regeneroduction, and most have separate sexes Some are hermaphrodites, asexual Asexual is very fast and you don't need a partner No genetic variation
| | | Describe the structures and functions of the common characteristics of mollusks (coelum, mantel, visceral mass, and foot). Coelum: internal body cavity, main evolutionary milestone, allows for the organization of internal organs and body systems Mantle: soft outer body, if the mollusk has a shell this organ secretes mucus to make it, the mollusk combines with minerals, this is why mollusks have a hard thick shell. Visceral mass: collection of internal organs in the body cavity, mollusks have separate digestive, reproductive, nervous, and circulatory systems Foot: muscular tissue that is used for movement and gas exchange
| | | Describe the differences between an open and closed circulatory systems and explain the advantages of having a closed system over an open system. Open: heart with very limited number of blood vessels, blood is pumped into mostly open body cavities that surround the internal organs (snails, slugs, clams), allows for nutrient and gas exchange but not efficient Closed: heart and many blood vessels that take nutrients and oxygen directly to the muscles and sense organs, (squid, octopus, cuttlefish), allows for complex movements and behaviors and contributes to their predatory lifestyle . | | | Describe the characteristics of the four classes of mollusks (Gastropoda, Bivalvia, Polyplacophora and Cephalopoda) and be able to provide example animals of each class. Polyplacophora Chitons Most primitive Shell is made up 9 overlappings plates Have a broad suction foot They use radula to scrape algae
Gastropoda Snails, slugs, conches May or may not have a shell If there is a shell, spiral The foot is used for gas exchange Have a radula
Bivalvia Clams, oysters, scallops, mussels All aquatic with two piece shell with hinge Foot is a strong muscle used to open and close the shell Filter feeders, strain water through their bodies and eat small organisms like plankton
Cephalopoda Squids, octopus, nautilus, cuttlefish Tentacles attached to head area Highly developed nervous systems Only mollusk with closed circulatory system Can change skin and shape color All are predatory and some venemous
| | | Identify several external and internal structures of the squid and explain how those structures are useful adaptations. You will be required to label a diagram of either the internal or external anatomy of the squid! Make sure you study the diagrams from the squid dissection assignment! Funnel: on ventral side, cephalopods shoot water from their funnel to proepl themselves backwards Tentacles: longer than arms Clubs: end of tentacles Head, eye, and mouth: highly developed nervous systems Mantel and fins: soft tubed shape body, Ink sac: connected to the mantle, allows squid to release a cloud of dark fluid to confuse predators, on the top of the liver Gill: feathery structures on the side of the mantle, necessary for large surface area to extract oxygen Pen: thin internal shell, provides support
| | | Describe the common characteristics of Phylum Annelida- segmented worms (segmented bodies, coelum, skin used for respiration, hermaphrodites). Annelids: meaning made up of segments Mouth is at the anterior end and anus is at posterior end Prostomium helps dig through soul Internal cross walls: setae Skin used for respiration: gases are exchanged between the circulatory system and the environment through moist skin by the nephridia. Coelum: filled with fluid for movement, allows for formation of complex organ systems, moved within muscles in the body walls
| | | Identify several internal and external structures of earthworm anatomy. | | | You will be required to label a cross-section diagram of the internal anatomy of the worm! Make sure you study the cross section diagrams from the earthworm dissection packet. | | | Describe the major characteristics of the three classes of Phylum Annelida (Polychaeta, Oligiochaeta, Hirudinea) and be able to provide example animals of each class. | ) |
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