Pysch test 2

Freud: We don’t use him because he wasn’t scientific and extremely sexual

Core of behaviorism:

1. Emphasis on learning

2. Antimentalism 

3. No interesting differences between humans and animals

Id: pleasure

Ego: Reality

Superego morality

Implicit association test: We are all racist

Terror Management Theory

Freud stages:

1. Oral Stage

   1. When done wrong: fixation on sucking(smoking, drinking etc)

2. Anal Stage

   1. Two things when wrong: 

   2. Anal retentive:

      1. Uptight, Rigid 

   3. Anal Expulsion

      1. Slob, bad with time 

3. Phallic Stage

   1. Fixation with genitals 

      1. If done wrong: 

         1. Oepedius complex (liking opposite sex parent and not same-sex parent)

         2. Domineering

         3. Men: Toxic masculinity

         4. Women: Penis envy 

4. Latency Stage

   1. Sexual feelings get repressed 

   2. Go to school and explore the world

5. After Puberty

   1. Fixations begin to show if anything was done wrong 

Defense Mechanisms:

1. Projection

   1. You associate your unwanted thoughts with someone else

   2. Ex. You don’t want to admit you like ice cream, so you might say someone else likes ice cream

2. Sublimation

   1. You take your emotions and shift it towards actions

   2. Ex. You take your anger and do homewokr

3. Displacement

   1. When you take your emotions on someone else because you can’t take it out on the person

   2. Ex. Your boss does something to make you mad but since you can’t go after  your boss you might go after dog.  

4. Rationalization

   1. Think someone is helping you when they aren’t

   2. Ex. He’s making me a stronger person by hitting me. 

5. Reaction Formation

   1. Develops the opposite thought

      1. A guy who has unwanted homosexuals urges develops hatred toward homosexuals

Classical conditioning

Two unrelated things become connected. 

Example:

Unconditioned stimuli: Dog eats food Unconditioned response: salivates

Unconditioned stimuli bell + food → unconditioned response salivates

Condition stimuli → conditioned stimulus salivates

Extinction → goes away after a while

Spontaneous recovery → comes back if you retrain.

Piaget → anyone can be molded

1. Sensory motor 

   1. Object permanence

   2. A not B test

2. Preoperational

   1. Egocentrism

      1. Not everyone thinks the same way

      2. Believes that what you’re thinking is what everyone else is thinking

3. Concrete operational 

   1. Thinking logically about current events

   2. They are able to have multiple schemas

      1. Ex. Categorize people by multiple things: the blonde lady or the blackbird

4. Formal operational 

   1. Think more abstractly

      1. Morality, future, etc

Schemas: Categories that people box things into 

Assimilation vs accommodation:

Assimilation adds to the existing schema

• Uses knowledge that they know to deal with a new situation

• They learn that a pigeon is also a bird

Accommodation changes the actual schema to be more accurate

• They had the wrong idea of what a bird is and they redefine what a bird is. 

Operant conditioning: 

Law of effect: tendency to perform an action is increased if rewarded weakened if not. 

Shaping: gradually teaching a new behavior by giving a reward (punishment and reinforcement)

Reinforcement learning/ punishment

Reinforcement: add something. Negative reinforcement if remove something bad Positive reinforcement add something good

Positive punishment: add something bad

Negative punishment remove something good.

Partial reinforcement: Not done every time. 

Fixed ratio: done after a set number of times 

Fixed interval: give a reward after a set amount of time

Varibale ratio: changes the number of times each time

Variable interval: changes the amount of time each time. 

Memory: 

3 stages:

1. Encoding

   1. 2 types of ways to remember better btu don’t remember

2. Storage

   1. Classifies things into groups

3. Retrieval

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Event →(senses) short term memory → (repetition) long term memory