Speech Midterm

What are the elements of the communication process?

Sender - Message - Channel - Listener - Feedback - Interference - Situation

What is the transactional model of communication? 

A dynamic process where both the speaker and listener are simultaneously sending and receiving messages

How do you become an ethical speaker? How do you practice ethical listening? 

Speaker: Be Prepared, Be Honest, Avoid Abusive Language, Be Ethical

Listener: Be Courteous & Attentive, Avoid Prejudging, Be Open

What is public speaking anxiety? What are suggestions for managing anxiety?

Being afraid to speak in front of others, especially in large groups.

Managing: Experience, Prepare, Think Positive, Use Visuals, Audience Doesn’t Know, Don't Expect Perfection

What is the difference between conversation and public speaking?

Public Speaking… is more highly structured, requires more formal language, requires a different method of delivery

What is a general purpose, specific purpose, and central idea? 

General: broad goal of a speech 

Specific: states precisely what a speaker hopes to accomplish in the speech

Central: one-sentence statement that sums up the major ideas of a speech

What is audience analysis and why is it important? 

Audience analysis is the process of gathering information about an audience to understand their needs, interests, and behaviors

What is the purpose of informative speaking?

To inform the audience without attempting to persuade them or take a position on the topic

What are the main points and why are they important?

Specific: Inform the audience about…

Central: I will be talking about…

Main Points: Here is topic a, b ,c…

Basically, they all are important in building a good reliable speech

What are the different types of organizational patterns?

Chronological - Spatial - Topical - Cause & Effect - Problem/Solution - Compare & Contrast  

What are transitions (summaries, previews)?

Transitions: A word or phrase that indicates when a speaker has finished one thought and is moving on to another

Summaries: A statement in the body of the speech that summarizes the speaker’s preceding point(s)

Previews: A statement in the body of the speech that lets the audience know what the speaker is going to discuss next

What is impromptu, manuscript, memorized, and extemporaneous delivery? 

Impromptu: A speech delivered with little or no immediate preparation

Manuscript: A speech that is written out word for word and read to the audience

Memorized: No notes, all of it is from the brain and heavily practiced

Extemporaneous: A carefully prepared and rehearsed speech that is presented from a brief set of notes

What are the rules you should follow when outlining your speech?

Title - Specific Purpose - Central Idea - Introduction - Main Points - Sub Points - Connectives- Conclusion - Bibliography

What are the required elements in an introduction/conclusion?

Grab audience Attention - Reveal Topic - Establish Credibility - Preview Body

What is plagiarism? What are suggestions for avoiding plagiarism? Why is it important to cite sources? 

Plagiarism: Presenting another person’s language or ideas as one’s own

Avoiding: Keep detailed notes and take tab of every site you take reference from

Importance: Gives proper credit to the authors of the information you use

What are logos, ethos, and pathos? (logos = appeals to logic, ethos = appeals to credibility, pathos = appeals to emotion) 

Logos: Evidence & Reasoning

Ethos: Credibility 

Pathos: Emotions

Where can you find information for your speech?

Credible books, websites, articles

What criteria should you use when evaluating sources of information? What are appropriate and inappropriate sources of information?

Evaluating: Authorship, Sponsorship, Recency

Appropriate: Things published!!

What are verbal citations, in-text citations, and bibliographies? 

Verbal: A spoken reference to a source

In-Text: Brief reference within the body

Bibliographies: Comprehensive list of all sources

What is demographic and situational audience analysis? 

Demographic: Age - Religion - Racial - Ethnic - Cultural Background - Gender Identity - Sexual Orientation - Group Membership

Situational: Size of Audience - Physical Setting - Disposition of the Audience toward the Topic - Speaker - Occasion

What is ethnocentrism? 

Belief that one’s own group or culture is superior to all other groups or cultures

What is listening and hearing? How are they different?

Listening: Paying close attention to, and making sense of, what we hear.

Hearing: Vibration of sound waves on the eardrums and the firing of electrochemical impulses in the brain

What are different types of listening? What are examples of barriers to listening?

Types: Informational - Critical - Empathetic - Appreciative - Discriminative

Barriers: Environmental Noise - Distractions - Perceived Notions - Rapid Rate

What are characteristics of effective verbal and physical delivery? 

Clear Articulation - Appropriate Volume - Varied Pitch & Pace - Confident Posture - Natural Gestures - Good eye contact - Facial expressions - Mindful body movement