AP Psych Quiz #2
Central Nervous System | Brain and spinal cord; interacts with all processes in the body. |
Peripheral Nervous System | Relays messages from the central nervous system to the rest of the body and includes the autonomic and somatic nervous systems. |
Autonomic Nervous System | Governs processes that are involuntary and includes the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems. |
Sympathetic Nervous System | The division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations. |
Parasympathetic Nervous System | The division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy. |
Somatic Nervous System | The division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body's skeletal muscles; governs processes that are voluntary. |
Neurons | Neural cells that transmit information. |
Glial Cells | Cells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons. |
Reflex Arc | In the spinal cord; demonstrates how neurons within the central and peripheral nervous systems work together to respond to stimuli. |
Sensory Neurons | Neurons that carry incoming information from the sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord. |
Motor Neurons | Neurons that carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands. |
Interneurons | Neurons within the brain and spinal cord that communicate internally and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs. |
Neural Transmission | Electrochemical communication within and between neurons and the final destination. |
Action Potential | A neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon. |
All-or-Nothing Principle | Once action potential reaches the threshold, it either fires or doesn't. |
Depolarization | Change in charge when neuron fires positive ions through the cell membrane. |
Refractory Period | The time following an action potential during which a new action potential cannot be initiated. |
Reuptake | A neurotransmitter's reabsorption by the sending neuron. |
Neural Threshold | The minimum level of stimulation required to get a neuron to fire. |
Multiple Sclerosis | A chronic disease of the central nervous system marked by damage to the myelin sheath. |
Myasthenia Gravis | A chronic autoimmune disease that affects the neuromuscular junction and produces serious weakness of voluntary muscles. |
Excitatory Neurotransmitters | Chemicals released from the terminal buttons of a neuron that provoke the next neuron into firing. |
Inhibitory Neurotransmitters | Chemicals released from the terminal buttons of a neuron that prevent the next neuron from firing. |
Dopamine | A neurotransmitter associated with movement, attention, learning, and the brain's pleasure and reward system. |
Serotonin | Affects mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal. Undersupply linked to depression. |
Norepinephrine | A neurotransmitter involved in arousal, as well as in learning and mood regulation. |
Glutamate | A major excitatory neurotransmitter involved in memory. |
GABA | A major inhibitory neurotransmitter that regulates sleep and wake cycles. |
Endorphins | Natural, opiate-like neurotransmitters linked to pain control and pleasure. |
Substance P | A neurotransmitter involved in the transmission of pain messages to the brain. |
Acetylcholine | Enables muscle action, learning, and memory. |
Hormones | Chemical messengers that are manufactured by the endocrine glands, travel through the bloodstream, and affect other tissues. |
Adrenaline | A hormone secreted by the adrenal glands, increasing blood circulation, breathing, and preparing muscles for exertion. |
Leptin | A hormone produced by fat cells that acts as a satiety factor in regulating appetite. |
Ghrelin | A hunger-arousing hormone secreted by an empty stomach. |
Melatonin | A hormone produced by the pineal gland that regulates sleep. |
Oxytocin | A hormone released by the posterior pituitary that stimulates uterine contractions and milk ejection during breastfeeding. |
Psychoactive Drugs | Chemicals that affect the nervous system and result in altered consciousness. |
Agonist | A molecule that binds to a receptor and stimulates a response. |
Antagonists | Drugs that block the actions of neurotransmitters. |
Reuptake Inhibitors | Drugs that interfere with neurotransmitter reabsorption, leaving more in the synapse. |
Stimulants | Drugs that excite neural activity and speed up body functions (e.g., caffeine, nicotine). |
Caffeine | A mild stimulant found in coffee and tea. |
Cocaine | A powerful stimulant that increases alertness and euphoria. |
Depressants | Drugs that reduce neural activity and slow body functions. |
Alcohol | A common depressant. |
Hallucinogens | Drugs that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images without sensory input. |
Marijuana | A drug whose effects include euphoria, impairment of judgment and concentration, and sometimes hallucinations. |
Opioids | Synthetic opiates prescribed for pain relief. |
Heroin | A highly addictive narcotic derived from opium. |
Tolerance | The diminishing effect of a drug with regular use, requiring higher doses. |
Addiction | Compulsive drug craving and use despite negative consequences. |
Withdrawal | The discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing an addictive drug. |
Central Nervous System | Brain and spinal cord; interacts with all processes in the body. |
Peripheral Nervous System | Relays messages from the central nervous system to the rest of the body and includes the autonomic and somatic nervous systems. |
Autonomic Nervous System | Governs processes that are involuntary and includes the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems. |
Sympathetic Nervous System | The division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations. |
Parasympathetic Nervous System | The division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy. |
Somatic Nervous System | The division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body's skeletal muscles; governs processes that are voluntary. |
Neurons | Neural cells that transmit information. |
Glial Cells | Cells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons. |
Reflex Arc | In the spinal cord; demonstrates how neurons within the central and peripheral nervous systems work together to respond to stimuli. |
Sensory Neurons | Neurons that carry incoming information from the sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord. |
Motor Neurons | Neurons that carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands. |
Interneurons | Neurons within the brain and spinal cord that communicate internally and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs. |
Neural Transmission | Electrochemical communication within and between neurons and the final destination. |
Action Potential | A neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon. |
All-or-Nothing Principle | Once action potential reaches the threshold, it either fires or doesn't. |
Depolarization | Change in charge when neuron fires positive ions through the cell membrane. |
Refractory Period | The time following an action potential during which a new action potential cannot be initiated. |
Reuptake | A neurotransmitter's reabsorption by the sending neuron. |
Neural Threshold | The minimum level of stimulation required to get a neuron to fire. |
Multiple Sclerosis | A chronic disease of the central nervous system marked by damage to the myelin sheath. |
Myasthenia Gravis | A chronic autoimmune disease that affects the neuromuscular junction and produces serious weakness of voluntary muscles. |
Excitatory Neurotransmitters | Chemicals released from the terminal buttons of a neuron that provoke the next neuron into firing. |
Inhibitory Neurotransmitters | Chemicals released from the terminal buttons of a neuron that prevent the next neuron from firing. |
Dopamine | A neurotransmitter associated with movement, attention, learning, and the brain's pleasure and reward system. |
Serotonin | Affects mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal. Undersupply linked to depression. |
Norepinephrine | A neurotransmitter involved in arousal, as well as in learning and mood regulation. |
Glutamate | A major excitatory neurotransmitter involved in memory. |
GABA | A major inhibitory neurotransmitter that regulates sleep and wake cycles. |
Endorphins | Natural, opiate-like neurotransmitters linked to pain control and pleasure. |
Substance P | A neurotransmitter involved in the transmission of pain messages to the brain. |
Acetylcholine | Enables muscle action, learning, and memory. |
Hormones | Chemical messengers that are manufactured by the endocrine glands, travel through the bloodstream, and affect other tissues. |
Adrenaline | A hormone secreted by the adrenal glands, increasing blood circulation, breathing, and preparing muscles for exertion. |
Leptin | A hormone produced by fat cells that acts as a satiety factor in regulating appetite. |
Ghrelin | A hunger-arousing hormone secreted by an empty stomach. |
Melatonin | A hormone produced by the pineal gland that regulates sleep. |
Oxytocin | A hormone released by the posterior pituitary that stimulates uterine contractions and milk ejection during breastfeeding. |
Psychoactive Drugs | Chemicals that affect the nervous system and result in altered consciousness. |
Agonist | A molecule that binds to a receptor and stimulates a response. |
Antagonists | Drugs that block the actions of neurotransmitters. |
Reuptake Inhibitors | Drugs that interfere with neurotransmitter reabsorption, leaving more in the synapse. |
Stimulants | Drugs that excite neural activity and speed up body functions (e.g., caffeine, nicotine). |
Caffeine | A mild stimulant found in coffee and tea. |
Cocaine | A powerful stimulant that increases alertness and euphoria. |
Depressants | Drugs that reduce neural activity and slow body functions. |
Alcohol | A common depressant. |
Hallucinogens | Drugs that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images without sensory input. |
Marijuana | A drug whose effects include euphoria, impairment of judgment and concentration, and sometimes hallucinations. |
Opioids | Synthetic opiates prescribed for pain relief. |
Heroin | A highly addictive narcotic derived from opium. |
Tolerance | The diminishing effect of a drug with regular use, requiring higher doses. |
Addiction | Compulsive drug craving and use despite negative consequences. |
Withdrawal | The discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing an addictive drug. |