Untitled Flashcards Set

1. What are the three types of salivary glands and where are they located in the mouth?

• Answer: Parotid, sublingual, and submandibular glands located in the roof of the mouth, cheeks, and under the jawbone, respectively.

2. Which of the following substances is excreted by the kidneys to regulate blood pressure?

• Answer: Renin.

3. What is the chemical formula for water?

• Answer: H₂O.

4. Which of the following units is used to indicate length?

• Answer: M (meters).

5. A researcher collects data on the number of cars passing through a busy intersection at different times of the day for a month. This data would be most useful to analyze which of the following?

• Answer: Traffic patterns during rush hour.

6. What is the largest organ in the human body by surface area?

• Answer: Skin.

7. Which of the following describes the function of ligaments?

• Answer: Ligaments attach two bones.

8. What is the difference between innate and adaptive immunity?

• Answer: Innate immunity is present at birth while adaptive immunity is acquired after exposure to pathogens.

9. Which of the following is responsible for carrying amino acids to ribosomes during protein synthesis?

• Answer: tRNA.

10. What are the steps involved in the scientific method?

• Answer: Observation, hypothesis, prediction, experimentation, analysis, conclusion.

11. What is the difference between a solid and a liquid?

• Answer: Solids have a definite shape and volume while liquids have a definite volume but no fixed shape.

12. Which part of the respiratory system is responsible for regulating breathing rate and depth?

• Answer: Diaphragm.

13. What is the difference between a monosaccharide and a disaccharide?

• Answer: Monosaccharides are simple sugars that cannot be further broken down into simpler sugars while disaccharides are composed of two simple sugars.

14. Which of the following is the process by which DNA is copied into RNA?

• Answer: Transcription.

15. What is the role of calcium in muscle contraction?

• Answer: Calcium is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum to initiate the sliding of actin and myosin filaments.

16. What is the name of the dome-shaped muscle that plays a key role in breathing?

• Answer: Diaphragm.

17. What is the role of the epididymis in sperm maturation?

• Answer: The epididymis stores and protects sperm cells until ejaculation.

18. Which of the following is a function of the respiratory system?

• Answer: Exchange of gases between the body and the environment.

19. What is the difference between isotonic and isometric muscle contractions?

• Answer: Isotonic contractions produce movement while isometric contractions produce no movement.

20. Which of the following is a characteristic of innate immunity?

• Answer: It provides immediate, non-specific protection.

21. Which of the following is NOT one of the four primary tissue types found in the human body?

• Answer: Exocrine glandular.

22. Which of the following is a type of genetic mutation that involves the insertion or deletion of one or more nucleotides in a DNA sequence?

• Answer: Frameshift mutation.

23. Which of the following describes the process of osmosis?

• Answer: Movement of water molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration through a selectively permeable membrane.

24. Which of the following is a chemical property of a substance?

• Answer: Reactivity with acid.

25. Which statement best defines the difference between a physical change and a chemical change?

• Answer: A physical change involves the rearrangement of atoms and molecules while a chemical change involves the formation of new substances with different chemical properties.

26. During embryonic development, which of the following germ layers forms the nervous system?

• Answer: Ectoderm.

27. What is the primary pigment responsible for photosynthesis in plants?

• Answer: Chlorophyll a.

28. Which of the following is an example of an exothermic reaction?

• Answer: Burning wood.

29. Which of the following statements is true regarding vaccines?

• Answer: Vaccines work by exposing the individual to a weakened or inactivated form of the pathogen.

30. What is the function of ribosomes in a cell?

• Answer: To synthesize proteins in the cell.

31. Which of the following is an example of a double-blind study?

• Answer: Both participants and researchers do not know which group participants are assigned to.

32. What is the name of the hormone that regulates blood sugar levels in the human body?

• Answer: Insulin.

33. What is the primary physiological function of erythrocytes in the human circulatory system?

• Answer: Transportation of oxygen to body tissues.

34. What is the name of the joint that allows for rotation of the arm at the shoulder?

• Answer: Shoulder joint.

35. What is the name of the valve that separates the left atrium and left ventricle in the heart?

• Answer: Mitral valve.

36. What is the molecular geometry of a molecule of sulphur dioxide (SO₂)?

• Answer: Bent.

37. What is the name of the genetic disorder caused by the presence of an extra chromosome 21?

• Answer: Down syndrome.

38. Which of the following types of RNA carries amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis?

• Answer: Transfer RNA.

39. What are the five regions of the vertebral column, starting from the top and moving downwards?

• Answer: Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal.

40. Which of the following are the two major parts of the nervous system?

• Answer: Peripheral nervous system and central nervous system.

41. The measurement indicated by the line across the center of the cell is best referred to as which of the following?

• Answer: Diameter.

42. Which of the following ions binds to the troponin complex, initiating contraction of a muscle?

• Answer: Calcium.

43. Which of the following microorganisms lack their own metabolic pathways and can only reproduce inside of a host cell?

• Answer: Viruses.

44. Which of the following is the atomic number of an atom that has 12 protons and 12 neutrons?

• Answer: 12.

45. Which of the following types of cells produce and release antibodies?

• Answer: Plasma B cells.

46. Which of the following organic molecules contain both an amine and carboxyl group?

• Answer: Proteins.

47. Which of the following allows the AIDS virus, which contains RNA, to insert viral DNA into the DNA of a host cell after the AIDS virus enters the cell?

• Answer: Reverse transcriptase, an enzyme encoded by the virus.

48. Which of the following is the main function of centrosomes in animal cells?

• Answer: Microtubule organization.

49. Which of the following is a group that can be measured against the experimental group?

• Answer: Control.

50. Which of the following is used to determine a person's DNA sequence?

• Answer: Genes.

51. The cytoskeleton of a cell is comprised of which of the following macromolecules?

• Answer: Proteins.

52. Which of the following properties of water explains its solvent abilities for certain substances?

• Answer: Polarity of water molecules.

53. A group of students performed an experiment to test terminal velocity, which is the greatest speed obtained by a falling object. The students dropped different numbers of coffee filters and measured the resulting terminal velocity. Which of the following conclusions is supported by the data in the following data table?

• Answer: Heavier objects fall faster than lighter objects.

54. Which of the following indicates the function of sodium bicarbonate secreted by the pancreas?

• Answer: Sodium bicarbonate neutralizes the acidity of chyme.

55. Which of the following results in osteoporosis?

• Answer: A decline in osteoblast activity while osteoclast activity continues at expected levels.

56. Which of the following is the process in which an ovarian follicle matures and releases a reproductive egg?

• Answer: Ovulation.

57. What is the approximate threshold value for mammalian neurons?

• Answer: -55 mV.

58. Which of the following processes causes most of the carbon dioxide from the blood to move into the alveoli?

• Answer: Diffusion down a concentration gradient.

59. A myocardial infarction affects which of the following blood vessels of the heart?

• Answer: Coronary.

60. Which of the following structures is present in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

• Answer: Cell membrane.

61. In the following data table of an experiment carried out at 4°C (39.2 F) over 4 hours. Which of the following options represents the dependent variable?

• Answer: Bag mass change.

62. Which of the following is the structure through which blood exits the glomerulus?

• Answer: Efferent arteriole.

63. In a plant in which fuzzy leaves (F) are dominant over smooth leaves (f), which of the following crosses will produce only offspring with smooth leaves?

• Answer: ff x ff.

64. Which of the following represents the complementary strand of a DNA sequence 3' TCGATCGCA 5'?

• Answer: 5' AGCTAGCGT 3'.

65. Which of the following structures in the female reproductive system secretes hormones to maintain the uterine lining during pregnancy?

• Answer: Corpus luteum.

66. Which of the following substances is excreted by sweat glands in response to the breakdown of proteins and the formation of ammonia?

• Answer: Urea.

67. Which of the following glands synthesizes antidiuretic hormone?

• Answer: Hypothalamus.

68. In a hypertonic solution, water flows through aquaporins embedded in the plasma membrane of the cell. This type of transport is best known as which of the following?

• Answer: Osmosis.

69. Why is it important for new scientific findings to be published?

• Answer: Other scientists can validate or disprove the findings.

70. Parasitic worm infestation is hypothesized to be damaging to the host. However, scientists have recently discovered that worm infestation can relieve the effects of certain autoimmune disorders. In which of the following ways should the hypothesis be modified, given the new findings?

• Answer: Worm infestation reduces the severity of certain autoimmune disorders.

71. Which of the following is correct regarding the pH scale?

• Answer: A substance with a pH of 3 is 10 times more acidic than a substance with a pH of 4.

72. Nitrogen gas is an extremely stable molecule because of which of the following?

• Answer: Triple covalent bonds.

73. Which of the following substances protects the skin from ultraviolet radiation?

• Answer: Melanin.

74. Which of the following statements best supports the hypothesis that viruses can cause cancer?

• Answer: Genes that regulate cell division are found in some viruses.

75. Which of the following physiological responses is caused by the release of antidiuretic hormone?

• Answer: Increase in water reabsorption in the collecting duct.

76. Which of the following is the number of protons in a lithium atom?

• Answer: 3.

77. Which of the following summarizes a change that takes place as a solid turns to a liquid?

• Answer: Particles become less ordered.

78. The pleura is a connective tissue sheath that covers which of the following organs?

• Answer: Lung.

79. Which of the following vessels carries oxygenated blood?

• Answer: Pulmonary vein.

80. Which of the following is the function of a totipotent cell?

• Answer: Develops into any kind of cell.

81. Which of the following can lead to a tsunami?

• Answer: Earthquakes.

82. Testosterone is categorized as which of the following types of hormones?

• Answer: Androgen.

83. In a phase diagram, which of the following is the term used for a substance held at a temperature and pressure where the solid, liquid, and gaseous states of a substance exist simultaneously?

• Answer: Triple point.

84. Which of the following best describes the result of using a catalyst in a chemical reaction?

• Answer: The reaction is completed in a shorter amount of time.

85. Which of the following substances is responsible for donating H+ ions to act as a buffer when blood pH rises?

• Answer: Carbonic acid.

86. To separate genomic DNA fragments by size, which of these laboratory methods is most useful?

• Answer: Electrophoresis.

87. Hikers who found a human body at high altitude in the Italian Alps thought the man had died recently, but tests indicated he was shot with an arrow more than 5,300 years ago. Which of the following would be the best reason for prolonged preservation of the body?

• Answer: The body was frozen in the cold temperature of the Alps shortly after he died and remained frozen until it was found.

88. Experiments cannot validate hypotheses, only falsify them. The statement above can be restated in which of the following ways?

• Answer: A hypothesis that has not been falsified remains provisional.

89. In which of the following regions of the body are the tibia and fibula?

• Answer: Crural.

90. Which of the following functions does the myelin sheath perform for a nerve cell?

• Answer: Insulation.

91. Which of the following occurs in an oxidation reaction?

• Answer: Removal of electrons.

92. An organism with an unknown genotype is crossed with another organism that shows the recessive trait (aa). The Punnet square below shows the results. Which of the following is the unknown genotype?

• Answer: Aa.

93. To accurately measure the density of a series of small irregular solids made of plastic, wood, fibreglass, and glass, a student will need which of the following laboratory tools?

• Answer: Graduated cylinder, water, weighing balance.

94. Emphysema caused by damage to alveoli from toxins and pollutants is likely to result in the body having difficulty performing which of the following actions?

• Answer: Exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide.

95. For which of the following reasons does a chloride ion have a negative charge?

• Answer: It gained an electron.

96. Which of the following substances is excreted by sweat glands in response to the breakdown of proteins and the formation of ammonia?

• Answer: Urea.

97. The triple point of a substance is the temperature and pressure at which the substance exists as which of the following?

• Answer: Simultaneously in solid, liquid, and gas phases.

98. A patient goes to the doctor with a cold and sore throat and asks for antibiotics. The doctor refuses to prescribe antibiotics to the patient because the illness is caused by which of the following pathogens?

• Answer: Virus.

99. Which of the following is an efferent neuron that is responsible for releasing a neurotransmitter that stimulates a muscle cell to contract?

• Answer: Motor neuron.

100. Which of the following is the process in which an ovarian follicle matures and releases a reproductive egg?

• Answer: Ovulation.