Test 2

Metacom's war: King Philip's War (1675-1678), conflict between Native Americans and English colonists in New England

Development of the Carolinas: Proprietary colony established in 1663, divided into North and South in 1712

Holy Experiment in Pennsylvania: William Penn's vision for a society based on Quaker principles of religious tolerance and peace

Quakers: Religious group founded by George Fox, emphasized inner light and pacifism

William Penn- what was unique: Founder of Pennsylvania, promoted religious tolerance and fair treatment of Native Americans

Navigation Act: Series of laws regulating colonial trade to benefit England, started in 1651

Revenue Act (1673): Imposed new colonial customs duties and appointed customs collectors

Bacon's Rebellion: 1676 uprising in Virginia led by Nathaniel Bacon against Governor William Berkeley

Impact of Bacon's Rebellion: Increased tensions between colonists and Native Americans, led to stricter control over Virginia

Glorious Revolution: 1688 overthrow of James II in England, replaced by William and Mary

Impact of the Glorious Revolution in the colonies: Weakened royal authority, increased colonial self-governance

Diversity in the colonies: Various ethnic, religious, and cultural groups coexisted in colonial America

Bill of Rights: 1689 English law limiting monarchical power and protecting individual rights

Toleration Act (1690): Granted freedom of worship to Protestant dissenters in England

Creation of the Dominion of New England: 1686 consolidation of several colonies under single royal governor to increase British control

South Atlantic System: Trade network connecting Europe, Africa, and the Americas through slavery and commodities

Slave trade: Forced transportation of Africans to the Americas for labor

Adam Smith and the Wealth of Nations: 1776 book outlining principles of free-market economics

Middle Passage: Brutal journey of enslaved Africans across the Atlantic to the Americas

Life in New England (problems, society, women): Harsh climate, Puritan influence, limited rights for women but some economic opportunities

Diversity in the Middle colonies: Mix of ethnic and religious groups, including Dutch, English, Germans, and Quakers

Was America a "melting pot" in the eighteenth century?: Debatable concept; diverse groups often maintained distinct identities

Enlightenment: 18th-century intellectual movement emphasizing reason and individualism

Copernicus: Renaissance astronomer who proposed heliocentric model of the solar system

Rationalism: Belief that reason is the primary source of knowledge and truth

Newton: Scientist who developed laws of motion and universal gravitation

Ben Franklin: Polymath, inventor, and Founding Father who embodied Enlightenment ideals

John Locke: Philosopher who argued for natural rights and social contract theory

Deism: Belief in God based on reason rather than revelation

Natural rights: Inherent human rights, including life, liberty, and property

Pietism: Protestant movement emphasizing personal devotion and moral living

Pietism- impact: Influenced religious revival movements and social reform efforts

Great Awakening: Religious revival movement in American colonies during the 1730s-1740s

Great Awakening- impact: Increased religious fervor, challenged established churches, promoted individualism

Old Lights: Traditional clergy who opposed the emotional preaching of the Great Awakening

New Lights: Supporters of the revivalist preaching style during the Great Awakening

New Lights contribution: Promoted religious enthusiasm and challenged established church authority

Democratization of religion: Shift towards more accessible and egalitarian forms of religious expression

French and Indian War: North American theater of the Seven Years' War (1754-1763)

Impact of the French and Indian War: Removed French presence from North America, increased British debt and colonial tensions

Impact of the Seven Years War: Global conflict resulting in British dominance and changed colonial relationships

Peace of Paris: 1763 treaty ending Seven Years' War, France ceded North American territories to Britain

Pontiac's Rebellion: 1763 Native American uprising against British control of former French territories

Proclamation of 1763: British law prohibiting colonial settlement west of Appalachian Mountains

Impact of British industrialization on Britain and the colonies: Increased demand for raw materials, changed economic relationships

Salutary neglect: British policy of loose enforcement of trade laws in colonies before 1763

Republicanism: Political philosophy emphasizing civic virtue and opposition to monarchy and corruption

Revenue Act: 1764 law imposing new taxes on colonial trade to raise revenue

Currency Act: 1764 law restricting colonial paper money, causing economic hardship

Sugar Act: 1764 law reducing molasses tax but increasing enforcement

End of salutary neglect: Stricter British colonial policies after 1763

Stamp Act: 1765 law requiring stamps on colonial printed materials, sparked widespread protests

Committees of Correspondence: Colonial networks for sharing information and coordinating resistance

Quartering Act: 1765 law requiring colonies to house and supply British troops

Declaratory Act: 1766 assertion of Parliament's authority to legislate for colonies "in all cases whatsoever"

"No taxation without representation": Colonial slogan protesting lack of direct representation in Parliament

Regulators: Colonial protest movements against corruption and unfair taxes

Impact of John Locke and English Common Law: Influenced colonial ideas about natural rights and limits on government power

Townshend Acts: 1767 laws imposing new taxes on colonial imports

Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania: Influential essays by John Dickinson arguing against Townshend Acts

Homespun virtue: Colonial boycott of British goods in favor of American-made products

Boston Massacre: 1770 clash between colonists and British soldiers, heightened tensions

Tea Act: 1773 law granting tea monopoly to East India Company, led to Boston Tea Party

Intolerable Acts: Punitive laws passed by Parliament in response to Boston Tea Party

Suffolk Resolves: 1774 declaration of colonial grievances and call for boycott of British goods

Continental Congress: 1774 meeting of colonial delegates to coordinate response to British actions

Committees of Safety: Local groups organized to enforce boycotts and resist British authority

Lord Dunmore's War: 1774 conflict between Virginia colonists and Native Americans

Common Sense: 1776 pamphlet by Thomas Paine arguing for American independence

Thomas Paine: Author of "Common Sense" and influential advocate for American independence

Declaration of Independence: 1776 document formally announcing colonial separation from Great Britain

Jefferson and the Preamble: Thomas Jefferson's eloquent statement of human rights and self-government

Treaty of Paris: 1783 agreement ending American Revolutionary War, recognizing U.S. independence